CHAPTER 3

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
• Discuss how scientific
and technological
developments affect
society.
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
• Greek Speculation about
“nature”
• Known as “Pre-Socratic” or
“non-theological” or “first
philosophy”

• Three characteristics of this

philosophy
• The world is a natural whole
• There is natural “order”
• Humans can “discover” those
laws
 INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
•
FREUDIAN SIGMUND
FRE REVOLUTION FREUD
COPERNICAN NICOLAUS
CO REVOLUTION COPERNICUS

DARWINIAN CHARLES
D REVOLUTION DARWIN
 COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
• Nicholas Copernicus(1473-
1543)
• Astronomer and mathematician
• Adopted the “heliocentric
model”
Suggesting the idea that the sun
is the center of the solar system
Published an essay “ On the
Revolution of the Heavenly
Spheres”.
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
• Aristotle &
Ptolemy, however,
believed that the
earth is the true
center of all the
orbitals carrying the
heavenly bodies and
all motions are
uniform and
unchanging
 DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
• Charles Darwin, Theory of
Evolution
• Suggested that all organisms
are related and have
descended from a common
ancestor.
• Explains that complex
creatures evolved naturally
from simplistic ancestors
over time.
 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
• Charles Darwin, Theory of
Evolution
• Proposed the ”natural
selection”,
• organisms survived due to
random genetic mutations
leading to the preservation of
their descendants.
• “survival of the fittest”, the
better adapted a species is,
the more fitted it is to
reproduce.
 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud “ father of
Psychoanalysis”
• Believed that when people
explain their behavior, they
rarely give a true account of
their motivation, not because
they are deliberately lying, but
because they are more adapt at
self-deception.
• Freud’s structural theory of
personality emphasis the role of
unconcious psychological
conflicts in shaping behavior
and persanality,
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
 ID – Id’s made up of unconscious psychic energy that
works to satisfy basic needs, urges, and desires.
 SUPER EGO- Super ego composed of people’s
internalized ideas acquired from parents and society.
Works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to
make the ego behave normally, rather than realistically.
 EGO – Ego mediates the demands of the id, the superego
and the reality.
Works to satisfy the id’s desire in a manner that is
realistic and socially appropriate.
 INFORMATION REVOLUTION
• Gutenberg’s printing
press in 1455
• Analytic engine by
Augusta and Babbage
in 1830.
• First Telephone during
1870
• Turing’s work during
world War II
 INFORMATION
REVOLUTION
• Allan Turing(1912-
1954) provided a
fundamental
contribution to
computer sciences by
refining the concept of
algorithm and
computation.
• Turing Machine
• Turing Test
 MESOAMERICAN
CIVILIZATION
• Regions and cultural area in the America,
extending to the countries in South America. •
• The historic region of Mesoamerica comprises the
modern day countries of northern Costa Rica,
Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Belize, and central to southern Mexico. For
thousands of years, this area was populated by
groups such as the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Toltec,
and Aztec peoples.
• Cultivation of cacao,corn, beans,tomato, squash,
and chili.
• The “three sisters”, the main food sources
including beans, corn and squash.
• Domestication of turkeys and dogs
• Cotton plants were used to make textiles and
rubber trees were used to make rubber balls.
 MESOAMERICAN
CIVILIZATION
• Combined crop rotation
and slash-and-burn
technique to retain soil
nutrients
• Formed terraces along
the mountain slopes.
• First to use irrigation
technique
• Known to be the first to
create the calendars.
ASIAN
CIVILIZATION
• Worlds great early Asian
civilization: one from India
and from China
• Civilization arose in the
Indus Valley
4000 years ago.
People used weapons and
utensils made of bronze and
copper.
 TWO WORLD KNOWN REGIONS: HINDUISM AND
BUDDHISM
• Hinduism is based on the four sacred books-
Vedas.
• This hold the records of Indian history and beliefs,
which were written by the Aryan People.
• Hindus recognise one God, Brahman, the eternal
origin who is the cause and foundation of all
existence
• The Brahmins are the caste from which Hindu
priests are drawn, and are responsible for teaching
and maintaining sacred knowledge. 
•  belief in a cosmic principle of ultimate reality
called brahman and its identity with the individual
soul, or atman. All creatures go through a cycle of
rebirth, or samsara, which can be broken only by
spiritual self-realization, after which liberation, or
moksha, is attained.
 BUDDHISM
• Buddhism is an Indian religion based on a
series of original teachings attributed to
Gautama Buddha.
• Buddhism is one of the world's largest
religions and originated 2,500 years ago in
India.
• Buddhists believe that the human life is one
of suffering, and that meditation, spiritual and
physical labor, and good behavior are the
ways to achieve enlightenment, or nirvana.
• embraces followers who praise Buddha( The
Enlighten One), in the person of Siddharta
Gautama( a wanderer who believed that
human greed and selfishness lead to human
pain)
 ASIAN CIVILIZATION
• Confucianism is an ancient Chinese belief
system, which focuses on the importance of
personal ethics and morality.
• The structure of Chinese society and its focus on
rituals, familial respect and obligation, worship of
ancestors, and self-discipline, remains greatly
influenced by Confucius and his teachings.
• Confucianism believes in ancestor worship and
human-centered virtues for living a peaceful life
• Emphasized personal governmental morality,
correctness of social relationships, justice and
sincerity
• Great wall of China was built to protect
themselves from the invasions of barbarians from
other parts of Asia.
MIDDLE EAST CIVILIZATION
 MIDDLE EAST
CIVILIZATION
• The home of “Cradle of Civilization”
many of the worlds oldest culture and
civilization were seen.
• The history started from the earliest
human settlements continuing through
pre and post- Islamic Empires.
 MIDDLE EAST
CIVILIZATION
• First writing system in the world.
• Potters wheel, vehicular and mind
wheel.
• First generalized governments and law
codes
• Foundation of Astronomy and
Mathematics
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
 AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
• Lineage and culture achievements include in
the field of mathematics, astronomy,
astronomy, metallurgy, agriculture and
engineering, navigation and medicine.
THANK
YOU