SEMINAR ON

CONCEPT OF HEALTH &

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

PRESENTED BY
JENIFER SALOMI.V
MSC (N) I YEAR
 “It is health that is real wealth , not
pieces of gold & silver”.

- MAHATMA GANDHI
HEALTH

Originated from Old English means , ‘ the state

and condition of being sound or whole’

 It has been associated with physiological

functioning , mental, moral soundness and
spiritual salvation as well.
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH

BIOMEDICAL

HOLISTIC ECOLOGICAL

PSYCHOSOCIAL WHO
TRADITIONAL OR BIOMEDICAL
CONCEPT
 The ancient Indians viewed the health as
“ absence of disease” and if person is free
from disease are considered healthy.

 This concept was accepted in first half 20 th century .

 Based on assumption that health and disease is very

objective and can be observed or measured.

 CRITICISM: It is not necessary for healthy person

absolutely free from disease and they may have less
disease than unhealthy persons.
ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT
 It emerged from 1960 to 1970.
 This concept has a focus on relationship
between environmental and individual
quality of life.
 Health is evaluated in terms of individual
level of functioning and adaptation to
environment.

 CRITICISM: There is no distinction between

what is healthy and unhealthy adaptation.
WHO CONCEPT
 In 1940s WHO defined
“ Health is a state of complete physical ,
mental , spiritual and social wellbeing and
not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity”

CRITICISM:
It is being too broad, considered more
idealistic than realistic and not operationally
defined the meaning of wellbeing &
wellness.
PSYCHOSOCIAL
CONCEPT
Health is influenced by
Many micro environmental
variables.

 Eg: social , political, economic,

psychological, culture of people concern.

 Hence it should not be taken as only

biomedical phenomenon rather psychosocial.
HOLISTIC CONCEPT
It is the synthesis of all above concepts. It
includes all components of health.
THEORIST CONCEPT OF
HEALTH
NIGHTINGALE:
Health is viewed as maintaining wellbeing by
using persons power and maintained by
control of environment.
 HILDEGARD PEPLAU:
It implies forward movement of the personality
and human process towards creative ,
constructive, productive, personal &
community living.
HENDERSON .V:
Health is based on individuals ability to
function independently.

FAY ABDELLA:
Health is a dynamic pattern of functioning
whereby there is a continued interaction
with internal & external forces that results in
the optimum use of necessary resources that
serve to minimize vulnerability.
DOROTHY JOHNSON:
Health is a purposeful adaptive response ,
physically , mentally, emotionally & socially
to internal & external stimuli in order to
maintain stability & comfort.
BETTY NEUMAN:
Health/ wellness is defined as the condition in
which all parts and subparts are in harmony
with whole of the client.
DOROTHEA OREM:
Health & healthy are terms used to describe
living things. It is when they are structurally
and functionally whole on sound wholeness
or integrity.
JEAN WATSON:
Health is a complete physical , mental
& social wellbeing & functioning.
WEBSTER:
Health is a condition of being sound in body,
mind & spirit especially freedom from
physical disease or pain.

ANA:
Health is a dynamic state of being in which the
developmental & behaviour potential of a
individual is realized to the fullest extent
possible.
 PARK:
 Health is a fundamental human rights
 It is a essence of productive life & not the
result of ever increasing expenditure on
medical care.
 Health is intersectoral
 Integral part of development
 It is central to the concept of quality of life.
 Health is a worldwide social goal.
DIMENSIONS/COMPONENTS OF
HEALTH

MENTAL
PHYSICAL SOCIAL

SPIRITUAL FINANCIAL

ENVIRONMENT
EMOTIONAL
VOCATIONAL AL
PHYSICAL DIMENSION
 The focus is on the physical dimension of health is
on the perfect functioning of the body.

 It refers to the state of the body in terms of its

composition
muscular strength
flexibility
cardio & respiratory
fitness
Mathews & stone 2009:
 It includes being free of pain , discomfort,
disease or sickness ; having energy to
perform a physical activities, good mobility
& coordination & good vision & hearing .

 Measured by physical assessment

examination
MENTAL DIMENSION
 It is important dimension of health.
 It is the persons state of mind & his or her
feelings.
 It is defined as state of harmony between
oneself & others, coexistence between realities of
self & that of other people &that of environment.

Assessed by
mental status
examination.
SOCIAL DIMENSION
 Donald has defined social health as the
‘ quantity & quality of an individual ’
interpersonal ties & extent of involvement
with the community.
He / she follows ,
 social norms
 being the part of a family
 have respect to others
 Communicate & cooperate with each other
 Have good interpersonal relationship with
family members , friends , at work place &
community.
SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
 It refers to persons
feeling of connectedness to a greater power &
achieving & strives for meaning of life.

 They are bound to moral & ethical values

have integrity & purpose of life.

 They express themselves as trust , honesty ,

integrity , compassion, selflessness &
service.
EMOTIONAL DIMENSION
It is generally defined as the ability of
an individual
 To feel & express full range of human
emotions
 Give & receive love
 Achieve sense of fullfillment & purpose in
life
 Develops psychological hardness.
ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
 Environmental health is not personal in
nature but environment affects the health of
individuals.
 It includes circumstances, objects or
condition by which one is surrounded

 Environmental factors :
Exposure to hazardous substances in air ,
water, soil & food.
VOCATIONAL DIMENSION
 Vocation is an occupation , profession to
which person is specially trained and
qualified .

 It provides a means to income.

 Vocational health refers to ability of a person

to have personal fulfillment and satisfaction
in the job and in his workplace.
FINANCIAL DIMENSION

 Satisfaction with current and future financial

situations.
HEALTH SPECTRUM

positive health
better health
freedom from sickness

OPTIMUM HEALTH

unrecognized sickness
mild sickness
moderate to severe sickness
death
FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH

 DAHLGREN AND WHITEHEAD DETERMINANTS

OF HEALTH
 HEALTH
BELIEFMODEL
MODELS OF HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
1.HEALTH 2.HIGH LEVEL 3.AGENT HOST
ILLNESS WELLNESS ENVIRONMENT
CONTINUUM MODEL MODEL

5.EVOLUTIONA 6.HEALTH
4.HEALTH
RY BASED PROMOTION
BELIEF MODEL
MODEL MODEL

7. HOLISTIC
HEALTH
MODEL
 1ST THREE MODELS - relationship between
health and illness.

 4th model – predicts client behavior

 Last 3 models – focus on health promotion

DEFINITION OF
HEALTH BELIEF:

 Health beliefs are persons ideas , attitudes about

health & illness.
 They are the concepts about health which an
individual believes to be true.
 It must be based on factual information or myths or
false expectations.

 They influence health behaviours either positively or

negatively affect health status.
DEFINITION OF MODEL
 Model is a theoretical way of understanding a
concept or idea.
 Model represents the different way of
approaching the complex issues.

 Because health & illness are complex

concepts, models are used to understand
the relationship between these concepts.
HEALTH BEHAVIOUR
 These are the activities of the client
influenced by their health beliefs .

Positive health behavior

• Activities of client for attaining good health

Negative health behavior

• Activities that are harmful to health

HISTORY
 Health belief model is a psychological model
that attempts to explain and predict health
behaviors.

 Developed by researchers at US public health

service in 1950s by ROSENSTOCK .

 He proposed health belief model intended to

predict why so few people were participating
in programs to prevent & detect diseases.
LATER…
 BECKER modified the model and included
other components like
 Individual perception
 Modifying factors
 Variables likely to affect action.

 Hence later named as ROSENSTOCK’S AND

BECKER’S HEALTH BELIEF MODEL.
THIS MODEL POSTULATES THAT 4
CONDITIONS BOTH EXPLAIN AND
PREDICT HEALTH RELATED
BEHAVIORS.
A person believes that his or her
health is in jeopardy. For seeking a screening
test or examination for a asymptomatic
disease such as TB, DM, early cancer , the
person must believe that he or she can have
the disease.
 The person perceives potential seriousness of
the condition in terms of pain or discomfort ,
lost from work.

On assessing circumstances person believes

that benefits stemming from recommended
behaviors overweigh the cost and
inconvenience that they are indeed possible &
within his or her group. ( predisposing factors)

person receives a cue to action or a

predisposing force that makes person feels
the need to take action.
CORE ASSUMPTIONS AND
STATEMENTS
 HBM is based on the understanding that a
person will take health related action , if
that person :

 Feels that negative health condition can be

avoided
 Has positive expectation that taking a
recommended action , he/ she will avoid a
negative health condition
 Believes that he can successfully take a
recommended health action.
MODEL HAS 3 COMPONENTS:
PERCEIVED SUSCEPTIBILITY
 One’s belief of chances of getting a
condition.

 APPLICATION: Define population at risk.

 Personalize risk based on traits

Example: related to STI screening

Youth believe they may have been exposed to
STI’S OR HIV
PERCEIVED SEVERITY
 Ones belief of how serious a condition and its
consequences are.

 APPLICATION : specify and describe

consequences of risk

 Eg: Youth believe the consequences of

having STI’S without knowledge or treatment
.
PERCEIVED BENEFITS
 Ones belief in the efficacy of advised actions
to reduce risk or seriousness of impact.

 APPLICATION : Define action to take how

where .
 Classify positive effects to be expected
 Describe evidence of effectiveness

 Eg: Youth believe that recommended action

of getting tested for STI’S would benefit them
from not infecting others.
PERCEIVED BARRIERS
 Ones belief in the tangible & psychological
cost of the advised behavior.

 APPLICATION:
Identify & reduce barriers through
reassurance, incentives.

Eg: youth identify their personal barriers to

getting tested and explore ways to eliminate
or reduce these barriers.
CUES TO ACTION
 Strategies to activate readiness.

 APPLICATION:
 Promote awareness
 Provide reminder

 Eg: youth receive reminder cues for action in

the form of incentives or reminder messages.
SELF EFFICACY
 Confidence in ones ability to take action. It’s
the peoples beliefs about their capabilities
to exercise control over their own activities.

 APPLICATION:
 Provide training, guidance , positive
reinforcement.

 Eg: youth gains confidence that he does not

have STI
CONCLUSION…

“THE FIRST WEALTH IS HEALTH.

YOU CAN’T ENJOY WEALTH IF YOU’RE NOT IN
GOOD HEALTH.”