CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

PROF. MADYA TS.IR. DR. MA CHAU KHUN

M46 - 312

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
• A process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their relative quantities to achieve certain
properties.
The purpose is to achieve:
 Strength
Sama ke?
 Workability
 Durability

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Method of Concrete Mix Design

• I.S method
• ACI method
• Road Note 4 method (UK method)
• IRC 44 method
• Arbitrary method
• Maximum density method
• Fineness modulus method
• Surface area method
• Mix design for pump-able concrete
• DOE (British) Mix design method
INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR
 History

-THE HISTORY
• The British Method popularly referred to as “DOE method”,
used worldwide and has a long established history.
• The method is originated from “Road Note No 4 (1950)”.
• In 1975, the note was replaced by “Design of normal Concrete
Mixes” published by British Department of Environment (DOE).
• In 1988, a revised version was issued to follow the changes in
British Standard code of practice.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Basic of Concrete Mix Design

-BASIC OF MIX DESIGN

• Mixes are specified by the weights of the different materials
contained in a given volume of fully compacted concrete.
• It is assumed that the volume of freshly mixed concrete equals to the
sum of the air content and of the absolute volumes of its
constituents materials.
• The method therefore requires that the materials to be known in
order that their absolute volumes may be calculated.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Absolute Volume

- WHAT IS ABSOLUTE VOLUME?

• The absolute volume of a quantity of a material is the sum of the
volumes of its particles.
• The DOE Method, assumes that the volume of fully compacted
freshly mixed concrete equals to the sum of absolute volumes of its
constituent materials.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Factors Considered Concrete Mix Design

- FACTORS CONSIDERED IN MIX

DESIGN?

Durability Strength Workability

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Workability

- WORKABILITY PRIMARILY DEPENDS

?
ON:
• The free water content
• The aggregate type
• The maximum size of coarse aggregate

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Workability

- FREE WATER CONTENT:

• Water available for the hydration of cement.
• Have to be balanced between strength/durability and workability

Free water content = water mixing w/ cement + surface water of aggregate

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Workability

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Workability

- TOTAL WATER CONTENT:

• Consists of water absorbed by the aggregate to bring it to a saturated
surface-dry condition, and
• The free water available for the hydration of the cement, and for the
workability of the fresh concrete.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Concrete Strength

• It is assumed that the strength of a concrete mix depends on:

1. W/C ratio 2. Coarse agg type 3. Cement properties

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 1. Water/Cement ratio

Basis for DOE design

method

Water/cement ratio =

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 1. Water/Cement ratio

NSC HSC
INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR
 Concrete compressive strength tests

What other types of concrete strength

tests that you know?

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Characteristic Strength

• Characteristic strength strictly means the concrete strength (nominal

strength), below which on average a certain proportion of test results
will fall. This proportion is termed the “proportion of defectives.”

• Many Standards, such as BS, ACI, Eurocode 2, use characteristic strength

as a basis for concrete design.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Proportion of Defectives

• Proportion of Defectives is defined in statistics as the proportion of a set

of test results, which will fail on average.

• The CIB/FIP “International recommendations for the design and

construction of concrete structures”, BS 5328: 1985 and BS 8110: 1985,
all recommend that a proportion of defectives of 5% should be adopted
for concrete test results.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Characteristic and Mean strength

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Durability of Concrete

• A concrete mix must provide adequate durability. However concrete

mixes are not normally tested for durability directly.

• It specifies a Maximum Free Water/Cement Ratio for durability designs.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 2. Aggregate types

• Concrete strength is influenced by the coarse aggregate type used in the

mix.

• Generally uncrushed aggregates are smoother than crushed aggregates

and so concrete made with crushed aggregates can achieve a given
strength with a higher free water/cement ratio than concrete made with
uncrushed aggregates.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 2. Aggregate types

• The type of aggregate also influence the workability.

• In comparison with concrete made with uncrushed coarse aggregate,

concrete containing crushed coarse aggregate will generally have
superior strength and inferior workability, although the coarse aggregate
has considerably less influence on the workability than the fine
aggregate.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 2. Aggregate types

• Generally, uncrushed aggregates are smoother than crushed aggregates

and so concrete made with uncrushed aggregates needs less free water
to achieve a given workability than concrete made with crushed
aggregates.
• Since the fine aggregate has a greater influence on the workability than
the coarse aggregate, the DOE method assumes that the influence of the
fine aggregate type on the required free water content for workability is
twice that of the coarse aggregate type.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Mix Design Stages

Stage (i) – Determine Free Water/ Cement Ratio required for

a specified strength

Stage (ii) – Determine Free Water Content Required for

workability

Stage (iii) – Determine required cement content

Stage (iv) – Determine total aggregate content

Stage (v) – Determine fine aggregate content

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 2. Aggregate types

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (i)

• Determine free water/cement ratio required for strength

 Either use a specified margin or calculate a margin for a given
proportion of defectives and statistical standard deviation.
 Obtain the target mean strength by adding the margin to the
required characteristic strength.
 Either accept a specified free water/cement ratio or obtain the
maximum free water/cement ratio which will provide the target
mean strength for concrete made from the given coarse aggregate
type and from cement with the given properties.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (ii)

• Determine free water content required for workability

 Either use a specified free water content or obtain the minimum free
water content, which will provide the desired workability for concrete
made with the given fine aggregate type, coarse aggregate type and
maximum size of coarse aggregate.
 If the free water content has been determined for workability, adjust
the required free water content if air entrainment is specified, and
 Adjust further if a water-reducing admixture is specified.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iii)

• Determine required cement content

 Obtain the minimum cement content, which is required for strength,
by dividing the free water content obtained in Stage (ii) by the free
water/cement ratio obtained in Stage (i).
 Check the minimum cement content, which is required for strength,
against the maximum cement content, which is permitted, and give a
warning if the former exceeds the latter.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iii)

 Check the minimum cement content, which is required for strength,

against the minimum cement content, which is allowable for
durability and adopt whichever is greater to be the cement content in
the mix.
 Divide the free water content by the cement content used in the mix
to obtain a modified free water/cement ratio.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv)

• Determine total aggregate content

 Obtain a value for the overall aggregate density.
 Obtain the fractional volume of the aggregate by subtracting the
proportional volumes of the free water and the cement from a unit
volume.
 Calculate the total aggregate content by dividing the volume of the
aggregate by the aggregate density.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (v)

• Determine fine aggregate content

 Either use a specified value of the percentage of fine aggregate, or
obtain the percentage of fine aggregate, which will provide the
desired workability for concrete made with the given grading of fine
aggregate, maximum size of coarse aggregate and the free
water/cement ratio obtained in Stage (iii).
 Calculate the fine and coarse aggregate contents from the total
aggregate content obtained in Stage (iv) and the percentage of fine
aggregate.

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv)

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

Design a concrete mix which is required to have a concrete compressive

strength of 30 MPa at 28 days by using DOE method.
 
Design assumption:
 Type of cement = Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
 Maximum coarse aggregate size = 20 mm (uncrushed)
 Slump = 10-30 mm
 Percentage of defective = 2.5%
 Percentage of fine aggregate passing 600𝝁m = 70%

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv)

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

Requirements of BS8110: Part 1: 1985 to ensure durability under specified exposure conditions of reinforced
concrete
Condition of exposure Nominal cover of concrete in mm

Mild 25 20 20 20 20

Moderate - 35 30 25 20

Severe - - 40 30 25

Very severe - - 50 40 30

Extreme - - - 60 50

Maximum free 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45

water/cementitious
material ratio

Minimum content of 275 300 325 350 400

cementitious material
in kg/m3

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv) 1
Example

Reductions in the free water contents when using PFA

Percentage of PFA in Reduction in water content, kg/m3

cementitious material
Slump (mm) 0 - 10 10 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 100

Vebe (s) > 12 6 - 12 3-6 0-3

10 5 5 5 5

20 10 10 10 10

30 15 15 20 20

40 20 20 25 25

50 25 25 30 30

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR

 Stage (iv)

INNOVATION GLOBAL AND ENTREPRENEUR