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Group 13 Aluminium
Group 13 Aluminium
Group 13 Aluminium
Symbol Proton number Electronic configuration Melting point Boiling point Density Standard electrode potential Electronegativity Lattice structure : Al : 13 : 2.8.3 : 660 oC : 2450 oC : 2.70 g cm-3 : -1.66 V : 1.5 : Hexagonal close-pack
Most abundant metal on earth 3rd most abundant element on earth Makes up about 8% of the Earths crust Very reactive element, hence does not occur naturally in the uncombined state Ores containing aluminium: Bauxite Al2O3.2H2O Gibbsite Al(OH)3 Diaspore AlO(OH) Corundum Al2O3 Cryolite Na3AlF6 Kaolinite Al2Si2O7.2H2O Feldspar KAlSi3O8
Extraction
of
AlumInIum
Purification
of
Bauxite
Iron(III) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide (basic oxides) do not dissolve in sodium hydroxide and is filtered off
Sodium silicate is not affected by carbon dioxide and remains in the solution
Electrolysis
of
Bauxite
Use this
a molten mixture of cryolite (sodium hexafluoroaluminate) with calcium and aluminium fluoride
Melting point of aluminium oxide: 2050 oC Melting point of aluminium oxide + molten cryolite: 900 oC - 950 oC
Hall-Heroult Process
At the cathode (graphite): Al3+ is reduced to liquid aluminium ~ melting point = 660 oC ~ denser than the electrolyte and sinks to the bottom of the cell ~ drains off into moulds to cool
At the anode (graphite): Oxide ions are discharged ~ forms oxygen gas ~ oxygen liberated reacts with carbon electrode ~ produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide ~ anode is corroded slowly and must be replaced from time to time
Note:
Very high current (about 40,000 A) is used to maintain the temperature of the electrolyte at 900 oC to prevent it from freezing Low voltage (about 4.0 V) is used to prevent the fluoride ions from being discharged. Fluorine and fluorine containing compounds are poisonous
LOW DENSITY
malleable
shiny
ELECTRICITY
RESISTANT ductile
soft
light
Anodisation
What on earth are you?
Aluminium chloride:
White solid at room conditions Sublimes at 180 C Soluble in water and organic solvents Fumes in moist air Covalent compound
When heated . It will sublime as the dimer. Dimer starts to dissociate at >400 C to AlCl3 (g) Complete dissociation at 800 C. *No MORE DIMER!!!!*
Al2Cl6 + 6H20
2Al(OH)3 + 6HCl
Dry chlorine gas/ HCl gas pass over heated aluminium powder.
2Al(s) +3Cl2(g) Al2Cl6(s) (white solid when cool)
FACTS on ALUMINIUM!!!
Most abundant metal on the earth s surface Light Resistant to corrosion 100% recyclable and recycling process uses very little energy One of the most difficult metal to extract, despite it s abundance
Used in:
High tension cables high electrical conductivity. Light. Firefighter suits good thermal insulator. (Reflect heat) DID you know??? Doctors wrap premature babies in foil to keep baby warm and prevent heat loss from body. Used in extraction of CHROMIUM and MANGANESE (Thermite process) aluminium has high affinity for oxygen. Alum K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. Cleans water. Precipitates suspended particles.
ANODISATION
Aluminium is a REACTIVE METAL (based on E.C.S) - It will react actively with O2 and dilute acid - This will then form an OXIDE layer on metal surface ANODE: 4OH2H20 +O2+ 4e
Function of anodisation:
- Used in industries . To FURTHER THICKEN the aluminium - Protects aluminium from further attack - Also trap dyes: colourful!!! due to oxide layer. Waterproof.
Aluminum is a strong reducing agent and a reactive metal proof ^.^ ~ large ve value in the standard electrode potential (-1.66V) The electron configuration aluminum is 1s22s22p63s23p. The outer three electrons occupy three s2p hybrid orbital that point in orthogonal directions. These electrons easily form covalent bonds, as in anhydrous AlCl3.
Generally, aluminum forms ionic compounds with covalent character. reason: Al3+ ions have a higher charge density which can distort the electron cloud of the neighboring anion. degree of covalent character Polarising effect Polarisibility of anion of cation electron cloud
For halide ions, polarisibility of an electron cloud increases Tendency to form covalent compound increases in the following F-<Cl- <Br- < I-
Generally, to determine the bond formed is ionic, covalent or polarlised, consider the element s electronegativity Difference of electronegativity, @E between the bonded elements is a)@E=0, the bond is covalent bond b)0<@E<2, the bond is a polar bond (ionic+covalent) c) @E<2, the bond is ionic bond
Question time!
Remember! You get 1 mark for each correct answer!
1. What is the function of anodisation? - Forms oxide layer to protect the aluminium from further attack - Traps dyes (waterproof) - Increase thickness of aluminium
2. What form is aluminium chloride at room temperature? - Solid form. It is a white solid.
Aluminium is resistant to corrosion because A) The presence of impervious oxide layer on the surface of aluminium B) Aluminium oxide is porous C) The ionisation energy of aluminium is very high D) Aluminium is less reactive
Answer: A) Corrosion is the oxidation of a metal by moisture and air. The presence of non-porous oxide layer on the surface of aluminium shields the aluminium from attack by moisture and air.
In the extraction of aluminium from bauxite, a current of 40000 A is used. The function of the high current is to A) Prevent the discharge of sodium ions from the dissociation of cryolite B) Increase the yield of aluminium C) Keep the temperature of the electrolysis cell at 900 oC D) Increase the rate of electrolysis
Answer: C) At temperature lower than 900 oC, the electrolyte will freeze. The high current is necessary to generate heat to keep the temperature of the electrolyte at 900 oC
Thank you!