DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

DUAL NATURE OF
RADIATION
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

EFFECT OF INTENSITY AND

FREQUENCY ON STOPPING
POTENTIAL
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
Effect of  and I on stopping potential

Variation in
stopping potential

When  constant When  varying

And I varying And I constant
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
Effect of  and I on stopping potential
ip Now, let us see the graph
LetButAsthe
Because kinetic
no. ofenergy
photons
saturation
intensity be constant,
of
As stopping
frequency
the potential
saturation increasesvs
current
increases
are same,
current stopping
no. of
willfrequency
let be same potential
electrons
for all
Saturation Current photoelectric
K.E. also
will be current
increases
same ip
also
emitted
stopping increases.
will be same.
potentials.
 be varying,   0,

We will see the effect of

frequency on stopping
potential
V
VS VS VS 0
3 2 1
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
Effect of  and I on stopping potential
IfIfno.
no.ofofelectrons
photons
ip Let frequency be
Saturation current Let increases,
usWesee will
increases,
But KE
the photoelectric
see the
the
graph
max willeffect
no.be
of
between
I3
constant,
of current
intensity
electrons
stopping
constant be varying
will
on
emitted
potential also& i.e.
stopping
because will
intensity
also
photoelectric no.current
 increase.
ispotentialof photons
increase.
constant. ip
I2 be varying

I1
Therefore, for
different saturation
currents stopping potential
will be same.
V
VS 0
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

MCQS
1. For different saturation currents stopping potential will be ……

a) increasing
b) decreasing
c) same

d) changes
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
2. If the number of photo electrons increases the photoelectric current…

a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains constant

d) none of these
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

PHOTOELECTRIC CELL AND

ITS APPLICATION
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
PHOTOELECTRIC CELL

CONSTRUCTION OF PHOTOELECTRIC CELL

It consists of a
semi cylindrical photosensitive
metal plate E (emitter)

E
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
CONSTRUCTION OF PHOTOELECTRIC CELL

It consists of a wire loop C

C (collector)

E
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
CONSTRUCTION OF PHOTOELECTRIC CELL

E C Both emitter and collector are

supported in an evacuated glass
tube is quartz Bulb
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
CONSTRUCTION OF PHOTOELECTRIC CELL
Photo sensitive plate E
Collector plate C
E C
It is connected to the external
circuit having a battery and
a micro ammeter (mA)

Glass Tube

–
mA
+
Battery

– +
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
WORKING As rate ofintensity
IfThese
the photoelectric
of incident
As photoelectrons
the electrons get
emission When
increases
radiation
This light of
currentsuitable
isphotoelectric
increased, also
the(C)
rate
Photo sensitive plate E are attracted
collected by towards
collector
wavelength
of increases (l) l <current
Photoelectrons
photoelectric
current is recorded larefalls
0by
small collector
photoelectric (C).current ip is
Collector plate C on the
emission
micro emitted
emitter E
increases.
ammeter (A)
E C induced.

Glass Tube
ip Therefore, current is directly
proportional to the intensity
– of incident light.
mA
Battery +

– +
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
WORKING DueNow, connect
to the any
photoelectric
electrical
current device will
the device to this
be in
Photo sensitive plate E photocell.
working condition.
E C Collector plate C

Glass Tube  The photoelectric cell

is a device which converts
ip
light energy into electrical
– energy
Electrical Device mA
+
Battery
– +
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
APPLICATIONS OF PHOTO-CELL

Exposure Meter :

PRINCIPLE :
1) The rate of photo electric emission is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident
radiation.

2) It is a device used along with a camera to find the correct time of

exposure for having a good photograph.
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
APPLICATIONS OF PHOTO-CELL
Burglar Alarm :
PRINCIPLE :
Photoelectric effect is instantaneous
1) In this application, a photoelectric cell is used to activate
relay mechanism.
2) The light from an infrared lamp falls on the photosensitive surface of
photoelectric cell .
3) The infrared beam is invisible and when some one crosses the beam, the light is
cut-off and photoelectric current stops.

4) This operates the relay circuit and starts ringing the bell.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
APPLICATIONS OF PHOTO-CELL

Sound reproduction from motion pictures :

1) Light from a powerful lamp passes through the
sound track at the edge of the film and falls on
photosensitive surface of photoelectric cell .
2) The photoelectric current varies according to the intensity of light
transmitted by the amplified sound track.

3) The varying current is amplified and fed to the loudspeaker.

4) The loudspeaker reproduces the sound which is recorded on the sound track.
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

MCQS
1. The photoelectric cell works on the principle of...
a) Raman effect
b) photoelectric effect
c) both of these

d) none of these
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
2. In a photocell, increasing the intensity of incident light increases...
a) stopping potential
b) photoelectric current
c) max. kinetic energy

d) none of these
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
3. The photocell is used to convert....
a) electric energy to light energy
b) light energy to electric energy
c) both of these

d) none of these
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

CHARACTERISTICS OF
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND
FAILURE OF WAVE THEORY
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
Characteristics of the Photoelectric Effect
A) Photo-electric emission occurs from the surface of a metal only
when the incident radiation has a frequency greater than or equal to
a certain minimum frequency (0) called the threshold frequency.
B) The threshold frequency is different for different materials.
The wavelength (0)
corresponding to the threshold
C) It follows that for photoelectric emission to occur, the wavelength
frequency (0) is called the
of incident radiation must be less than or equal to 0 (i.e.  greater
threshold wavelength.
than or equal to 0).
c
0 = 
  0    0 0
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
Characteristics of the Photoelectric Effect
D) The number of electrons emitted per second from a given surface is
directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation and   0.
E) The maximum kinetic energy of photo-electrons increases with
the increase in the frequency of incident radiation.
F) Photoelectric effect is an instantaneous process. There is no time lag.

G) Kinetic Energy does not depend upon the intensity of incident

radiation.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
Failure of Wave Theory to explain Photo – Electric effect
A) i) According to wave theory, the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
depend on the intensity of the incident radiation, and increases with
increase in intensity.
ii) But according to photoelectric effect the K.E depends on
frequency and not on the intensity.
B) The wave theory also fails to explain the instantaneous nature of
photo-emission.
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

MCQS
1. Threshold frequency is different for ……..metals.
a) different
b) same
c) independent

d) none of these
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
2. Kinetic Energy is independent of...
a) frequency
b) intensity
c) wavelength

d) none of these
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

EXPLANATION OF
CHARACTERISTIC WITH THE HELP
OF EINSTEIN’S EQUATION
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO ELECTRIC
EFFECT WITH EINSTEIN’S PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION

The Einstein photoelectric equations

are

(1) K.E.max = h–W0

1
i.e. mvmax
2
= h –W0
2

(2) e V0 = h–W0
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO ELECTRIC
EFFECT WITH EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION

Characteristics of photoelectric effect are :

(1) For photo emission to take place, the incident light energy must
have frequency   0 if it  < 0 then photo emission will not take
place.

(2) For a given photosensitive material and of incident light. ( 0 ) ,

ip  I.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO ELECTRIC
EFFECT WITH EINSTEIN’S PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION

(3) For a given frequency ( 0 ), the maximum kinetic energy

linearly increases with increase in frequency , it is independent of
intensity.

(4) The photoelectric effect is an instantaneous process and there is

no time lag.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT WITH EINSTEIN’S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION

According to Einstein's photoelectric equation

Energy of photon = Photoelectric + K.E.max

Work function
h = W0 + K.E.max  E = W0 = h0
 h = h0 + K.E.max at  = 0
 h – h0 = K.E.max
 h (–0 ) = K.E.max
If  = 0
 K.E.max = 0
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO ELECTRIC
EFFECT WITH EINSTEIN’S PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION

According to Einstein's photo electric equation

h ( – 0) = K. E.max When

When ³ 0<K.E.
0 has some
When  < 0
positive –ve
K.E. becomes value
no photo emission takes place

And all know that K.E

cannot be negative When  ³ 0
\ photoemission takes place
with some positive value of kinetic energy
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO ELECTRIC
EFFECT WITH EINSTEIN’S PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION

According to Einstein's equation we come to the conclusion that

1) When = 0 the photoelectrons are emitted without kinetic energy

2) When < 0 the photoelectrons are not emitted

3) When >0 the photoelectrons are emitted with some kinetic energy
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO ELECTRIC
EFFECT WITH EINSTEIN’S PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION

According to Einstein's photo electric equation

h ( – 0) = K.E.max As the I  the no. of photons

striking theThis explains
metal plate that ip  with
 in intensity
As the no. of photons , the
photoelectric current ip 
Here ‘I’ represents intensity
of incident radiation.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
EXPLANATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTO ELECTRIC
EFFECT WITH EINSTEIN’S PHOTO ELECTRIC EQUATION

According to Einstein's photo electric equation

h ( – 0) = W0 Emission of photoelectrons is

a result of collision between
electrons and photons.

\ The photoelectric effect is instantaneous

and there is no time lag
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

MCQS
1. If  < 0 , will photoelectrons be emitted...
a) yes
b) no
c) may be

d) none of these
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
2. An increase in intensity of beam will _____ the photoelectric current.
a) increase
b) decrease
c) no change

d) none of these
 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
4. Maximum K.E of emitted photoelectrons depends upon...
a) frequency
b) intensity
c) wavelength

d) none of these
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION

Thank you…