FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS

lectures

Lecture-1
by
Dr.C.Jebaraj
Former Professor of Mechanical Engineering
AU-FRG Institute for CAD/CAM
CEG Campus, Anna University
Chennai-25
jebarajanna@gmail.com
1. Why CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP……….CAx

2. SAFE DESIGN

3. OPTIMUM DESIGN
1. In shape
2. In weight
3. In size
4. In cost
 Example of an Optimum Design
w/Length P

BMD
Quadratic

2
wL
M max  PL 
2
Bending formula
M f E
 
I y R
M M max M
f  y ; f max  y  max
I I Z
 Z-variation
L

d
n
ctio on b
Se riati
va

3
I 1
12bd 1 2
Z   bd
y d 6
2
STRAIGHT BAR SUBJECTED TO AN AXIAL LOAD
dx

 E

  E
L dx P du
 E
A dx
Pdx
du  (Elongation of
AE small segment dx)
Total elongation
L
P PL Pdx
U max  U ( x)  
AE 0
AE
P= applied load L
Px
L= length of rod 
AE 0
E= young’s modulus of material
U max  PL
A= area of cross section AE
STRAIGHT BAR SUBJECTED TO AN AXIAL LOAD….

Px
U ( x)  ( LINEAR)
AE

Umax
 TAPER ROD SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD

L
Pdx
U(x)  
0
A(x)E
L
L P
 log A(x)
E 0

U max at x  L
U min at x  0
IC
H M
P IT
R
G
LO

P
TAPERED ROD SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD
WITH SELF WEIGHT

Total load P(x)  Axial Load P  Self weight (x)

P(x)dx 1 P(x)dx
U(x)    
A(x)E E A(x)
1
  f(x)dx
E

NOTE:
P i. We may not have explicitly integration formulae
ii.The solution is highly complex than a
logarithmic solution.
 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
Trapezoidal method (Linear)
 f(x)dx  ERROR IS SMALL
 f1  f 2 
 2  (f 2  f 3  f 4 ......f n 1  Δh
)

r
erro
error f(x)
f(x)

f1 f2 f 3 f4 fn+1 fn
0
L
∆h 0.05L

∆h 0.1 L
SIMPSON’S METHOD (QUADRATIC)

 f(x)dx 
 f1  f N
 2  4(f 2  f 4  f 6  f 8.....)

h 2
 2( f 3  f 5  f 7  f 9 ...) r ror
2 e f(x)

Error is small

∆h 0.1 L
Summary
1. In the absence of an explicit integration formulae
available, we accept numerical integration
formulation which is an approximation only
2. Approximation is improved by
i) Increasing the No of segments
ie., by decreasing ∆h
ii) Increasing the order of polynomial of requirements.

3. Error is minimized and there is convergence

towards exact solution
Formulation of Problem for Approximation
solution
System ‘L’ is under equilibrium
 Subsystem ‘dx’ is also under
equilibrium
L σ

dx

P σ+dσ

 Fv  0  A    d A  Adx
 0  dA  Adx
 d E A  Adx
du
d (E ) A  Adx  0
dx
d du
L ( EA )  A  0
dx dx
Domain : 0 < x < L
d  du  Boundary
G.D.E :  EA( x)   A( x)  0
dx  dx 
P value
BCs : at x=0 , u=0
problem
at x=l , R=P
du
EA P
dx
Approximate Solution
d  du 
G.D.E :  EA( x)   A( x)  0 1
dx  dx 
Domain : 0 < x < L
BCs : at x=0 , u=0
at x=l , R=P

Let U
u * be the approximation solution
2 3 4 n
U 
* a 0  a1 x  a 2 x  a3 x  a 4 x  .......... .  a n x
Assume,
* 2 3
u  a0  a1 x  a2 x  a3 x
Apply BCs
u *  0  a21  a32 2

Substituting 2 into 1 we get

d  d u * 
EA( x)  A( x)  0  R ( x)  RESIDUE
dx  dx 
Should be minimum
R ( x : ai )
dR
 0
dai
ILLISTRATIVE PROBLEM
Consider the equation
d  dU  2
 x   2
dx  dx  X
in the domain 1< X < 2
With BCs as U(1) =2 and
 dU  1
  X 
 dx  X  2 2
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIAL FUNCTION
U ( x )  0 ( x )  a1 1( x )  ..........ann ( x )
U (1)  0 (1)  a1 1(1)  ..........ann (1)  2

if 0 (1)  2 then i (1)  0 i  1,2,3..........n

  dU   d 0   d1   d n  1
 X     x   a  x  ..................  a n  x 
dx  X  2 2
1 
 dx  X 2  dx  X 2  dx  X 2 
if  d 0  1
  x 
 dx  X  2 2

then  d i 
 x dx  0 i  1,2,3.........n
  X 2
L
et

U(x)  a 1  a 2 x  a 3 x 2  a 4 x 3
U(x)  a 1  a 2 a 3  a 4  2
or a1  2  a 2  a 3  a 4 1

 dU  1
 X   2(a 2  4a 3  12a 4 ) 
 dx  X2 2
1
a 2    4a 3  12a 4 2

4
 Substituting for a1 & a2 in the expression for U x , we have

1
U x   2 
4
 
x  1  a 3 x  1x  3  a 4 x  1 x 2  x  11
  0  a 11 ( x )  a 2 2 x 
when
1
 0  2  x  1
4
1  x  1x  3
 2  x  1x 2  x  11

It can be easily seen that the above trail function satisfies

the conditions imposed on the boundary. Thus the construction of
trial function is over.
 WRM APPLICATION
Consider the equation

d  dU x  2
 x   2 0
dx  dx  x
Substituting the trial solution U x  for U x  , this equation is unlikely to be satisfied
i.e., the RHS is a non zero function R(X)

i.e R(x) d  d U x  2
 x  2 0
dx  dx  x
This is called as a ‘Residue’ and is a measure of the error involved.

1 2
R x     4x  1a1  33x 2  4 a 2  2
4 x
a1  a 3
a2  a4
 COLLOCATION METHOD
For all a i choose a point x i in the domain and at each such x i
force the residual to be exactly zero
i.e R(x1) = 0
R(x2) = 0
R(xn) = 0

The chosen points are called collocation point.

They may be located any where on the boundary or in the domain .
For the present problem we have 2 parameter a 1 &. a 2
Therefore select any two collocation point say

X1=4/3 & X2 =5/3

Substituting in the expression for R(x) we have

4 11
a1  4a 2 
3 8
8 97
a1  13a 2 
3 100
Solving the simultaneous equation
a 1=2.0993 &

a 2 = -0.356
therefore

1
 
Ux   2  x  1  2.0993x - 1x  3  0.356x  1 x 2  x  11
4
THE SUB- DOMAIN METHOD
For each undetermined parameter a 1 choose an interval x , in the domain.
Then force average of the residual in the each interval to be zero.

1

Δx 1 Δx1
R(x)dx  0 1
X i 1

1 Δx 1  R(x)dx
Xi

Δx 2 Δx2
R(x)dx  0

.
.
. ∆x2 ∆x4
1
Δx n  R(x)dx  0
Δxn ∆x1 ∆x3
which yields n system of residual equations which can be solved for a 1
The intervals Δx i are called the sub-
domain.
They may chosen in any fashion.
Taking
= 1< X <
Δx 1 Δx 2 = 1.5 < X <2
1.5,
1.5

 R( X )dx  0
1
2

 R( X )dx  0
1.5
we get
ā1= 2.5417, ā2= -
0.4529
LEAST SQUARE METHOD
2
 for i. 1,2,3……n

2
R ( x)dx  0
ai
1

 RX dR / da dx  0

1
i
i=1,2,3,……n

this yield the

results
ā1= 2.3155

ā2= -0.3816
THE GALERKIN METHOD
For each parameter ā1 we required that a weighted
average of R(x) over the entire domain be zero.
Weighting functions are the trial function φ i x 
associated with a i .
2

 R(x)φ (x)dx  0
1
1

.
.
2
. R(x)φ (x)dx  0 this ā1 = 2.1378

1
i yields
ā 2 = - 0.3477
FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS
lectures at GCT Cbe

Lecture-2&3
by
Dr.C.Jebaraj
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
AU-FRG Institute for CAD/CAM
CEG Campus, Anna University
Chennai-25
jebarajanna@gmail.com
Comparison of WRM
Collocation method = R(x) =0

Sub domain method   R( x)dx  0

dR 2
Least square method   R ( x) dx  0
dai
Galerkin method   R ( x) W .Fdx  0

  R ( x) i dx  0

Ritz method   R ( x) W .Fdx  0

RITZ VARIATIONAL METHOD (weak formulation)
Staring with equation
d  dU 
 x    f x   0 in 
dx  dx 
The WR became
Xb
d  dU  
XaW x  dx  x  dx   f x  dx  0
where W(x) = weighing function

ie  Rx W x  dx  0
d  dU 
  dx  x  dx W x  dx   f ( x) W ( x) dx  0
RITZ VARIATIONAL METHOD (contd …..)
Integration by parts for first term:
 udv  uv   vdu
Xb
d  dU 
XaW x   dx  x  dx  dx 
Xb Xb
 dU  dU dW
W x  x  dx     x  dx dx dx
  Xa Xb
In Ritz method we take
W x   U x 
where
U x  is specified, as at the boundary, W(x) = 0.
VARATIONAL FORMULATION (case study)
L=300cm
P A1=80cm2
A2=20cm2
X

u E=2E7 N/cm2
The governing equation
γ = 7.8E-2N/cc
is
d  du  P = 10E5 N
EA X    A x   0 0 < X < L
dx  dx 
u(0)  0
du
EA(x) P
dx x L
x
A( x)  A  ( A  A )  80  0.2 x
1 1 2 L
The governing equation is
d  du 
 EA X    Ax   0
dx  dx 

The WR formulation is

L
d  du  
0 wx  dx  EAx  dx   Ax dx  0
where w(x) is the weighting function and
u(x) is the trial solution.
Integrating by parts and re-arranging we
L
get du dw
0 EAX  dx dx dx
L
  Ax w x dx  w 0 P0  w L PL 
0
Since u(0) = 0 (specified), w  u at x = 0 vanishes
L L
du dw External
0 EA X  dx  0  A x  w x  dx  PwL 
dx dx work done
LHS =

 EA( x )   dx     dv Strain energy stored

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY!!

 Solution Procedure
2
Let u  a  a x  a x  a x 3
0 1 2 3
u( 0 )  0  a
0
2
u(x)  a x  a x  a x 3
1 2 3
3
  a jφ j
j 1
w(x)  φi , i  1,2,3
The Variational Equation
du dw
 EAx  dx   A(x)wdx  Pw(L)
dx dx
B(u,w)  L(w) 3
Now substituting u   a jφj
j 1

w  φi i  1,2,3
3 d j di

j 1
a j  EA( x) . .dx   A( x)i dx  Pi ( L)
dx dx
K ai   ri 
 L
d j di
kij   EAx  dx
0
dx dx
L
ri   Ax i x dx  Pi ( L)
0

d1
1  x 1
dx
2
2  x d 2
3
 2x
3  x dx
d3
 3x 2
dx
 300
dφ1 dφ1
k11   EAx  dx = E(80-0.2x) .1.1 dx
0
dx dx =1.5x104E

d1 d2
k12   EAx  dx = E(80-0.2x) .1. 2x dx
dx dx = 3.6x106E

d1 d3
k13  EAx  dx = E ( 80 - 0.2 x) .1. 3x2 dx
dx dx = 9.45 x 108 E

Similarly k21=……..
k22=……
.
.
k33=……
r1   A( x)1dx    80  0.2 x x dx  1.3773 105

r2    A( x) 2 dx    80  0.2 x x dx  2.4 10

2 7

r3   A( x)3dx    80  0.2 x x dx  4.598 10

3 9

P1  Pφ1(L)  PL  3 x 10 7

2 9
P2  P2 ( L)  PL  9 x 10
3 11
P3  Pφ3(L)  PL  27 x 10
 1.5 x10 4 3.6 x 106 9.45 x 108   a1 
 6 11   
 3.6 x 10 1.2 x 109 2.88 x 10   a2 
9.45 x 108
 3.88 x 10 11
1.322 x 10  
14 
a 
 3
 1.37 x 105  3 x 107 
 7 9 
  2.4 x 10  9 x 10 
4.598 x 109  11 
27 x 10 

On solving
a1 = 6.6762 x 10-5
a2 = -4.946 x 10-8
a3 = 6.4736 x 10-10
U(x) = a1x + a2x2 + a3x3
U(X=300) = uL = a1 (300) + a2 (300)2 + a3 (300)3 = 0.033056 cm
But Exact Value is 0.0378 cm.
CONVERGENCE STUDY-p refinement
increasing the order of approximate polynomial
0

10Th Order 6Th

Order

C T I C )
X A HM
E RI T
G
X LO
P LE

ic
OM

b
(C

0.0378 0.03306Cu L
U(x)
 NODAL APPROXIMATION METHOD
i e j

he
Be(u,w) = Le(w)
he e he
du dw
0 E A X  dx dx dx  0 A x wdx  Pi
e e e e

x
Ax   Ai  Ai  A j 
Ue = a0 + a1 x he
 a0 
= <1 x>  
 a1 
Ui = <1 0> a0 
 
 a1 
Uj = <1 he> a0 
 
 a1 
U i  1 0  a0 
    
U
 j  1 he  a1 
1
a0  1 0  U i 
      
 a1  1 he U j 
 1
1 0  U i 
U  1 x     
1 he U j .
x x U i  2
 1    u   N j j
he he U j  j 1

w  N i , i  1,2
x x
N1  1  , N2  .
he he
x
dN1 1
 ,
dN 2 1

 ; Ax   Ai  Ai  A j 
dx he dx he he
 Characteristic of shape function

x x
N1  1  N2 
he he
N1 N2

N1= 1 at x=0 N2= 0 at x=0

N1=0 at x=he N2= 1 at x=he
N1+N2=1
 he
dN1 dN1
k11   EA( x ) . dx
0
dx dx
 A1  A2   1  1 
  E  A1  .    dx
 he   he  he 
E  A1  A2 
  
he  2 
 A1  A2   1  1 
k12  k 21   E  A1  .   dx
 he   he  he 
E  A1  A2 
  
he  2 
 E  A1  A2 
k 22   
he  2 

 1  1
 
e
k 
E A1  A2
he 2  1 1
 
he
 A1  A2  x 
r1     A1  1  dx  P1
0 
he  he 
 he he 
 γ  A1  A2   P1
 3 6
 he
 Ai  A j  x 
r2     Ai   dx  P2
0 
he  he 
 he he 
 γ  Ai  A j   P1
 6 3
On substituting the value
1 E  70  70
k 
  100  70 70 
 
 220 
1  6  R 
r     100 200    0 
     
 6 
For element 2

2 E  50  50
k   100  50 50 
 

160 
 
2  6  O 
r     100140   O 
     
 6 
For element 3

 
3 E  30  30
k 
  100  30 30 
 

100 
3  6  O 
r
 
 
   100  80   
 P


 
 6 
On assembling

1   u1 
k
1
 
 2
 u 2  r
 k  u  =
2

r
 3
 3  3


k  u 
 4  r
  70  70  U1 
 70 70  50  50  U 
E   X 2 


100   50 50  30  30 U 3 
   
  30 30  U 4 
 220 
 6  R
 200 160   

 6

6

  0 
   100
140 100    
   0
 
 6 6 
 80  P

 6 
  70  70  U1 
 70 120  50  U 
E   X 2
 
100   50 80  30 U 3 
   
  30 30  U 4 
 220 
 6 
 360 
R
  0 
 6   
   100
240    
  0
 
 6 
 80  P

 6  
Appling Global boundary condition U1= 0

 120  50  U 2  360 O 
E      100    
  50 80  30  U 3    240  O 
100   6   P
 30 30  U 4   80   

U4 = 0.0355, Umax exact = 0.0378

U3 = 0.0188,
U2 = 0.0088.
CONVERGENCE STUDY- h improvement
increasing No of element
0
3 element

6 element

10 element

A C T
EX g)
l o
p lex
m
(co

0.0378 0.0355 L
U(x)
 Comparison of refinement
0

10Th Order 6Th

Order

C T I C )
X A HM
E RI T
G
X LO
P LE

ic
OM

b
(C

0.0378 0.03306Cu L
U(x)
Comparison of refinement (contd…)
0
3 element

6 element

10 element

EXACT

0.0378 0.0355 L
U(x)
FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS
lectures at GCT Cbe

Lecture-4
by
Dr.C.Jebaraj
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
AU-FRG Institute for CAD/CAM
CEG Campus, Anna University
Chennai-25
jebaraj@annauniv.edu
 HEAT TRANSFER BY
CONDUCTION & CONVECTION
 Heat transfer Problems using FEM
K=conductivity
C
o coeff..
00
=7

h=convection coeff
0
T
T=

T∞= Ambient Temp

P= Perimeter
A=area of cross
L
section
Heat transfer by Heat conduction and convection
Temperature variation
Type-I conduction only (linear)
Type-II conduction + convection
(Non linear) (Natural)
To
Type-I Type-III conduction + convection
Type-II (Forced)

Type-III
Temp

0 L
Thermal Equilibrium

0
T
T=

dx

Thermal equilibrium of small segment ‘dx’

q q + dq

dx
 Heat in = Heat out
qA  (q  dq) A  hPdx(T  T )
dT
q  K  heat flux q q + dq
dx
0  dqA  hP dx(T  T ) dx

dT
d ( KA )  hP dx(T  T )  0
dx
d dT
 by dx  ( KA )  hP(T  T )  0
dx dx
MATHEMATICAL FORUMULATION
d dT
GDE: ( KA )  hP(T  T )  0
dx dx
DOMAIN: 0<X<L

BCs:
@ x = 0, T=TO

dT
KA  hA(T  T ) If the end is open to
@ x=L, dx atmosphere

dT
KA 0 If the end is insulated
dx
Approximate Solution Procedure
Let the App solution be, T* = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3
*
Apply B.Cs and get T  0  a21  a32
*
Substituting T in to GDE
*
d dT *
( KA )  hP(T  T )  0  R( x)  RESIDUE
dx dx

Minimisation of residue by RITZ METHOD

 RITZ FORMULATION
 R( x) W .F dx  0

Let ψ(x) be the weighting function

d dT 
  dx ( KA dx )  hP(T  T ) ( x)dx  0
d dT
 dx(KA dx

) 
 ( x ) dx   hPT ( x ) dx   hPT ( x ) dx  0

dv u

Integration by parts  udv  uv   vdu

 RITZ FORMULATION cont….
dT dT d
  ( x).KA dx   KA dx dx dx
  hPT ( x)dx   hPT ( x)dx  0
On re-arranging
dT d
 dx dx
KA dx  hPT ( x ) dx
L
dT
  hPT ( x)dx   ( x) KA
dx 0
 dT d
 KA dx dx dx   hPT ( x)dx
dT dT
  hPT ( x)dx   ( x).KA  ( x).KA
dx xL dx x 0

B(T , )  L( )

dT d
 KA dx dx dx   hPT ( x)dx
  hPT ( x)dx  Q A

* 2 3
T  a0  a 1 x  a2 x  a3 x
 3
T   ai φi ;
*

i 1 B
ψ  φj j  1,2,3
On applying eqn B into eqn A we get
 he
e e di
d j he

 ai   K A dx dx dx   h P Ti ( x)dx
e e

0 0 
  h T A  j dx  Q
e e e

Where i=1,2,3 & j=1,2,3 and we can calculate Kij

and similarly ri
 K ai   ri 
RITZ Equation for a Finite element

I e J
O he
e e
B (T , )  L ( )
he e he
dT d
0 K A e e
dx   h e e e
p T  x dx
dx dx 0
he
  h A T x dx  Q
e e e

0
Let T* be the approximate solution for the
element

*
T  a0  a1 x  1 x   a0 
 
 a1 
e -1
e -1 e e +1
I J e
To
I J e +1

I J
T e
should be expressed in term of
nodal variables T 
I
 
TJ 
e
I J
0 he

@ x  0, TI  a0  a1 0
x  he, TJ  a0  a1he
Putting it in matrix form

TI  1 0  a0 
    
TJ  1 he  a1 

1
a0  1 0  TI 
    
 a1  1 he TJ 
matrix form cont…
*
T  a0  a1 x  1 x   a0 
 
 a1 
1
* 1 0  TI 
T  1 x     
1 he TJ 
x x TI 
 1   
he he TJ 
TI 
 N I NJ   
TJ 
 2
TI 
T   N jq j
*
where q j   
j 1 TJ  II
 weighting function ψ x   N i i  1,2,3

Repeating the RITZ Eqn. I have

he e he
dT d
0 K A e e
dx   h e e *e
p T   x dx
dx dx 0
he
  h A T x dx  Q
e e e
I
0
On substituting II in I
2  e e dN j dN i
he he

 qj  K A
dx dx
dx   h p N j N i dx
e e

j 1 0 0 
he
  h P T N i dx
e e

0
x x
i  1,2; j  1,2; N 1  1- ; N2  ;
he he
 he he
dN1 dN1
K11   K A e e
dx   h P N1 N1dx
e e

0
dx dx 0
he he
 1   1  e e x  x
  K A    dx   h P 1   1  dx
e e

0  he   he  0  he   he 

KA he
  hP
he 3
 he he
dN1 dN 2
K12   KA dx   hPN1 N 2 dx
0
dx dx 0
he he
 1   1   x  x 
  KA    dx   hP1    dx
0  he   he  0  he   he 
KA he
  hP
he 6
K 21  K12
 KA he
K 22   hP
he 3
KA  1  1 he 2 1
 
K  e
 
he  1 1 
 hP  
6 1 2 

lll r1   hPT N1dx

ly

 x  he
  hPT 1  dx  hPT
 he  2
 he
r2   hPT N 2 dx hPT
2
he 1
 r  hPT  
e

2 1

TI 
 e
K   r e
 
TJ 

 KA  1  1 he 2 1   TI  he 1
    hP       hPT  
 he  1 1  6 1 2  TJ  2 1
 On Appling the element stiffness matrix and load
vectors and introducing the continuity condition
we get

 1
 T1  r1
k  
 2
 T2  r2 r1
 k  T  =
r2 r
 3
 3


k  T 
 4
1

r2
On applying the BC’s and solving for the
remaining system of equations we get the nodal
values
ILLUSTRATION BROBLEM
80OC

1 cm
4cm
8 cm

K = 3 w/cm 0c
h = 0.1 w/cm2 0c
T∞ = 20 0c
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

Let the element be of equal length he = 2 cm

 T0

BCs at x = 0 ,T(0) =T0

at x = L ,

dT
 KA  hATb  T 
dx
conduction = convection loss
The element matrices are
KA  1  1 hP he 2 1 0 0 
 e
K   
he  1 1 
   
6 1 2 0 hA 

 hP he T 1  0 
f  e
   
2 1 hA T 
The element matrices for ELEMENT 1, 2 & 3 are
 6.666  5.667 e 20
 
K  e
 ; f    
 5.667 6.666  20
 The element matrices for ELEMENT 4 is
 6.666  5.667 e 20
K e
  ; f    
 5.667 7.066  28
The assemblies of the element matrices are
 6.667  5.667 0 0 0  T1  20
 5.667 13.333  5.667 0 0  T  40
   2   
 0  5.667 13.33  5.667 0  T3   40
    
 0 0  5.667 13.337  5.667 T4 40
   
 0 0 0  5.667 7.006  T5  28
 Appling the boundary condition T1 = 80o C
 13.337  5.667 0 0  T2  40  5.667 80
 5.667 13.333  5.667   
0  T3    40 
 
  
 0  5.667 13.333  5.667 T4   40 
    
 0 0  5.667 7.006  T5   28

T   80 53.9 39.9 32.8 30.3 

Exact solution is
T   80 54.3 40.2 33.2 30.6 
1-D Fluid
solid mechanics
Heat transfer
Electro
Mechanic
magnetic problem
problem
problem
problem
d  dT
dy  
GDE : d  EAdv

 KAx   rAhPxT 0TII order
  0 diff eqn problem
GDE : dxd  ddx    0
GDE dx
:  K dxXX    Q  0 IIII order
order diff
diff eqn
eqn problem
dx  dx  II order diff eqn problem
UT==Displacement
Temperature is is the
the variable
variable problem
v = Electric potential is the variable
φ = Fluid head is the variable
General II order Differential eqn is

d  d 
  x      f (x)
dx  dx 
Where
φ = Variable
α(x) = property associated with the DERIVATIVE of the
variable
β = Property associated with the variable
f(x) = Load term- not at all associated with the variable
Description Heat Equation
transfers
φ = Variable T=Temp

α(x) = property
associated with
the DERIVATIVE
K= Thermal
d  dt 
of the variable.
condv..
GDE :   KA 
dx  dx 
β = Property
associated with
h = convec
co-eff  hPT  T   0
the variable

f(x) = Load not

at all associated hPT∞
with the variable
Description Solid Equation
mechanic
φ = Variable U=axial
displacement

α(x) = property
d  dy 
GDE :  EAx  
associated with
E=young’s
the DERIVATIVE
modulus
of the variable.
dx  dx 
 rAx   0
β = Property
associated with 0
the variable

f(x) = Load not

at all associated rA(x)
with the variable
Description Fluid Equation
mechanic
φ = Variable
φ =fluid head

α(x) = property
associated with Kxx= Permeability
d  dφ 
the DERIVATIVE
of the variable.
Co-eff GDE :  K XX 
dx  dx 
β = Property
associated with h = convec co-eff Q 0
the variable

f(x) = Load not

Q=volume of flow
at all associated
rate
with the variable
Description Electro Equation
magnetic
φ = Variable V=Electric
potential

α(x) = property
associated with
 d  dv 
the DERIVATIVE GDE :      0
of the variable. permissivity
dx  dx 
β = Property
associated with 0
the variable

f(x) = Load not ρ=Volume

at all associated charge
with the variable Density
 Description Heat Fluid Solid Electro
transfers mechanic mechanic magnetic

φ = Variable T=Temp φ =fluid head U=axial V=Electric

displacement potential
α(x) = property
associated with K= Thermal Kxx= E=young’s 
the DERIVATIVE condv.. Permeability modulus permissivi
of the variable. Co-eff ty

β = Property
associated with h = convec h = convec co- 0 0
the variable co-eff eff

f(x) = Load not ρ=Volume

at all associated hPT∞ rA(x) charge
with the variable Q=volume of Density
flow rate