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 Two or more of computers that connected

each other

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 Sharing resource (data, printer, dll)
 Efisiensi waktu
 Efisiensi tempat
 Effisiensi dana

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 Membutuhkan biaya tambahan
 Memungkinkan adanya serangan ke komputer kita
 Mengurangi human communication

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 Local Area Networks (LANs)
 within a building or campus
 usually based on broadcast channels
 often connected via gateways to wide area
networks
 Examples: (Fast)Ethernet, FDDI rings, Myrinet, ATM
LANs
 Bit rates: 10-1000 Mbps

Computer

Cable Computer
(a) (b)

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 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 covers area of a city
 usually based on LAN technology
 Examples: DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus), cable
television networks

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 Wide Area (Long Haul) Networks
 may cover country, continent
 Most communication links are point-to-point
 usually irregular topology

 usually organized as a “subnet” to which hosts have

access.
 switching elements are generically referred to as routers

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 Wireless: Cordless telephones, TV remote
control, Analog cellular telephones
 Wireless LANs
 Mobile vs. wireless
 mobile, not wireless
 mobile, wireless
 not mobile, not wireless
 not mobile, wireless

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 Many (mutually incompatible) network
technologies
 No one technology appropriate for every
situation
 Internetworking glues together networks
of dissimilar technologies with routers
 Result is virtual network whose details
are invisible

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Different network technologies can be connected to create
an internetwork

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 PC (komputer)
 LAN card
 Kabel UTP
 RJ 45
 Tang Crimping
 Multimeter
 Hub
 Switch

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a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
req.
Hi
TCP connection
Got the reply.
time? Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm
2:00
<file>
time

Q: Other human protocol?

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 Transmitted energy is carried through some sort
of medium
 Transmitter encodes data as energy and
transmits energy through medium
 Requires special hardware for data encoding
 Requires hardware connection to transmission
medium
 Media can be copper, glass, air, ...

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 •Twisted pair uses two wires

 
                                                                                              
    

•Coaxial cable includes shield for improved performance

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• Thin glass fiber carries light with encoded data
• Plastic jacket allows fiber to bend (some!) without
breaking
• Fiber is very clear and designed to reflect
　　 light internally for efficient transmission
• Light emitting diode (LED) or laser
　　 injects light into fiber
• Light sensitive receiver at other end translates
　　 light back into data

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•Data transmitted using radio waves
•Energy travels through the air rather than copper or glass
•Conceptually similar to radio, TV, cellular phones
•Can travel through walls and through an entire building
•Can be long distance or short distance
•Long distance with satellite relay
•Short distance - wireless computer network

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•Wireless bridge and antenna

Base-station antenna for a wireless radio-

frequency network; this antenna is attached
to a unit that also connects to a wire-based
network and forwards data between the
wireless and wire-based networks

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•Remote station (laptop) interface

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 High frequency radio waves
 Unidirectional, for point-to-point
communication
 Antennas mounted on towers relay
transmitted data

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 Infrared light transmits data through the
air
 Similar to technology used in TV remote
control
 Can propagate throughout a room
(bouncing off surfaces), but will not
penetrate walls
 Becoming common in personal digital
assistants

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 Unidirectional, like microwave
 Higher speed than microwave
 Uses laser transmitter and photo-sensitive
receiver at each end
 Point-to-point, typically between buildings
 Can be adversely affected by weather

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 If external to computer, RS-232 can be used
between modem and computer

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 If external to computer, RS-232 can be used
between modem and computer

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 If internal, direct bus connection used
 Can also be rack-mounted

Modems in a computer center for

dial-up modem access to the
organization network
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 Two issues--
 MEDIUM
 FORM OF ENERGY

 copper -- electrical current

 fiber optics (glass) -- light
 air -- electromagnetic radio waves
 combination of copper and fiber -- both energy
forms 　 （ cable modem technology)

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