INCO HEARENT

hand boar gerr

hamburger
grow trees tore

Grocery store
dez paws seed hoe

Despacito
bore third hay par tea

Birthday party
Is Bunch Pops Queer Pans

Sponge Bob Square Pants

Sell Your Laugh Hone

Cellular phone
I'm Issues Home Hutch

I miss you so much

Delete Elmer Made

The Little Mermaid

Hide Hen Tickled Wins

Identical Twins
Pie Rate Softy Care Hip Been

Pirates of the Caribbean

canned ache my high saw few

Can’t take my eyes off you

Bee Foreign Halved Her

Before and After

Lass Twill Ant Taste A Mint

Last Will and Testament

Law Duff There Inks

Lord of the Rings

Isle Of View

I Love You
Wheel Yum Air Ream He

Will You Marry Me

Ladle Rat Rotten Hut

Little Red Riding Hood

Made Divorce Pea Whiff Ewe

May the force be with you

EARTH’S
HISTORY
PANGAEA: ANCIENT EARTH’S
SUPERCONTINENT
 About 300 million years
ago, Earth didn't have
seven continents, but
instead one massive
supercontinent called
Pangaea (“all of Earth”),
and was surrounded by a
single ocean called
Panthalassa (“all seas”).
About 200 million years
ago, the supercontinent
began to break up into
Gondwana (what is now
Africa, South America,
Antarctica, India and
Australia) and Laurasia
(Eurasia and North
America).
 Then about 150 million years
ago, Gondwana broke up. India
peeled off from Antarctica, and
Africa and South America
rifted.

Around 60 million years ago,

from Laurasia, North America
split off from Eurasia (Journal of
Geophysical Research, 1970)
The current configuration
of continents is unlikely
to be the last.
Supercontinents have
formed several times in
Earth's history, only to be
split off into new
continents.
 Geologists have noticed that
there is a quasi-regular cycle
in which supercontinents form
and break up every 300 to 400
million years.
But most scientists believe
that the supercontinent cycle
is largely driven by circulation
dynamics in the mantle
(Journal of Geodynamics,
2010)
FUTURE SUPERCONTINENTS
What Would Have Happened if Pangaea Never
Broke Apart?
LAYERS OF THE EARTH
The Earth is made up of four Crust Mantle
distinct layers which are the:

Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Outer Inner
core core
 CRUST
- the thinnest layer of
Earth
- the layer where living
organisms dwell
- ranges from 8 to
70km deep
 Types of CRUST

1) Oceanic crust- lies

beneath the oceanic basins
- made up of basaltic rocks
- dark colored and denser than
continental crust
- about 8 to 10km thick
- composed of dense iron
magnesium silicate igneous
rocks such as basalt
 Types of CRUST
2) Continental crust –
underlies all continental areas
- made up of granitic rocks
- light colored and lighter than the
oceanic crust
- about 10 to 70km thick
- composed of less dense sodium
potassium aluminum
silicate such as granodiorites
Location: Pechengsky District, near the Russian border 
 Mohorovičić
Mohorovičić
Discontinuity Discontinuity
- the boundary between the
crust and the upper mantle

- named after Andrija

Mohorovičić

- Earthquake waves increases

when they reach this layer.
 MANTLE
- the thickest and largest
layer of Earth
- made up of molten rocks
called magma
- about 2900 km thick
- composed of silicate rocks
and rich in iron and
magnesium such as
peridotites
 Divisions of the
Mantle
1) lower mantle

- exhibits plasticity

- made up of soft rocks,

less ductile, and is 2,240
km thick
 Divisions of the
Mantle
2) upper mantle

– made up of solid rocks,

malleable, and is about
660km thick
 Asthenosphere

- also known as the “weak” sphere

- plays a critical role in the
movement of the tectonic plates
- located 100 to 250km beneath the
Earth’s surface (after the
lithosphere)
- it is named by Joseph Barrell in
1914
 Gutenberg
Discontinuity
- separates the lower mantle and
the outer core

- made up of liquid iron which

does not allow S waves to pass
through it

- discovered by Beno Gutenberg

 OUTER CORE
- the only liquid layer of Earth
- its temperature ranges from
4000 ͦ C to 5000 ͦ C
- approximately 2300km thick
- made mostly of liquid iron
and nickel
- magnetic in nature
 Lehmann
Discontinuity

- separates the outer and

inner core

- discovered by Inge
Lehmann who also
discovered the Earth’s
core
 INNER CORE
- the hottest layer of Earth
- its temperature is about
5700K to 5400 ͦ C
- approximately 1250km thick
- made up of solid iron and
nickel alloy (makes it a solid
layer)
- magnetic in nature
The outer core and inner
core are responsible for the
Earth’s electromagnetic
field which protects us from
the harmful radiation of the
sun.
 Horrible Consequences of Earth Losing its Magnetic Field

1. COMPASSES WOULD DO
STRANGE THINGS

- Earth’s magnetic field is strong

enough to force compasses to
align north-to-south – but with our
planet’s magnetic field gone,
compasses would point to any
nearby source of magnetism.
 Horrible Consequences of Earth Losing its Magnetic Field

2. Birds Couldn’t Migrate for the

Winter

- Many birds, sea turtles, lobsters,

honeybees, salmon, and even fruit
flies have biological compasses –
termed “magnetoreceptors” – built
into their bodies.
- Without electromagnetic field, these
animals will literally lost their direction
 Horrible Consequences of Earth Losing its Magnetic Field

3. THE AURORA WOULDN’T BE THE

SAME

- These beautiful phenomena are created

when our planet’s magnetic field
deflects the solar wind from the sun.
- Without Earth’s magnetic field, our
entire upper atmosphere would be
exposed to the solar wind, completely
changing how our auroras might appear.
 AURORA
IN OTHER
PLANETS
 Horrible Consequences of Earth Losing its Magnetic Field

4. COSMIC RAYS COULD REACH

EARTH’S SURFACE

- Cosmic rays and the solar wind are

harmful to life on Earth, and without
the protection of our
magnetosphere, our planet would
be constantly bombarded by a
stream of deadly particles.
 In March 13, 1989, a massive solar
flare –slammed into Earth’s
magnetosphere and knocked out
electricity in Quebec, Canada for 12
hrs.
Some satellites suffered damage, as
their delicate electronics simply weren’t
designed to handle a huge solar storm,
and many tumbled out of control for
hours after the flare struck.
 Horrible Consequences of Earth Losing its Magnetic Field

5. WIDESPREAD POWER
OUTAGES AND BROKEN
SATELLITES

- Satellites can and do suffer damage

from solar storms, and without
Earth’s magnetic field, every
electronic device could be exposed
to high-energy particles from cosmic
rays and the solar wind.
 Horrible Consequences of Earth Losing its Magnetic Field

6. OUR ATMOSPHERE COULD

BE STRIPPED AWAY

- The sun’s natural wind is so

powerful that it can easily rip
gasses out of a planet’s
atmosphere until there is little
gas left at all.