PHYSICAL

EDUCATION

FOR

{
GRADE 12
Prepared by
KATAMA KENATE
 UNIT ONE
 UNDERSTANDING PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL FITNESS
 Physical education and physical fitness activities are the form of
entertainment.
 Physical education
© An education through physical activities.
© As only education of physical body.
© An education through physical activities to develop and maintain
physical ,mental, and social well being.
 Cont..
 Physical fitness
© Physical fitness is your ability to carry out tasks without undue
fatigue.
© The development of physical qualities.
© Doing any exercise or work effectively and efficiently.
© Physical fitness is not just about having a thin lean body frame,
but it is about having cardiovascular and muscular endurance,
strong immunity system, and most importantly, a satisfied, happy
and well balanced state of mind.
 CHAPTER ONE
 Basic concepts in physical education
1) Nature and purpose of sport
 Nature
 Sport is a structured of physical activity, usually
competitive, that requires complex skills and a high level of
individual commitment and motivation.
 Sport is about a range specific activities which involves
competition and requires physical conditioning and skills.
 Cont..
 Sport is a social construct.
 It is a form of Physical activity
 Competition between individual and team
 Winners and losers(in some sports you can have a draw’)
 Rules at ensure fair completion.
 a special place to play(e.g. A Pitch, a ring, a court)
example:- - Athletics, Gymnastics and etc. are a group of sports.
- Football, basketball, volleyball, handball are a team sports.
 Cont..
 Purpose of sport
 The purpose of this process is to develop specific knowledge, skills
and understanding and to promote physical competence.
 Sport encourages ongoing education in skill and personal development.
 Sport has a complex interrelationship with other essential elements of
society.
 It has interrelationship with major societal institution such as:
 Education, religion, government, economic order and science.
 1.2. Sport and development
 Sport has the power to change the world.
 In fact, it is a force and a tool that can help reach various
goals to change the world for the better.
 Generally sport has many benefits in the society.
 Emotional release: sport is a way to express emotions an
relive tensions.
 Attraction of identity: sport offers opportunities to be
recognized and to express one individual quality.
 Cont..
 Socialization: the process by which individuals acquire the culture of
their society, earning its language, norms, values and their role in various
groups.
 Change agent: sport results in social changes new behavior patterns, and
is a factor that changes the course of history.
 Collective conscious: sport creates a communal spirit that brings people
together in a cohesive manner is search of common goals.
 Success: sport provides a feeling of success both for the spectator when a
player or a team with whom on identifies achieves success. To win in
sport is to win in life.
Cont.
 Economic development benefits
 Sport is a big business in the world.
 For example when sport is developing
• Technological development increase
• Increase urban society
• Many Player get large salaries
• Sport is advertising in mass media
• Competition is watch by television on other mass media.
 1.3. Sport and government
 In many aspects government and sport is not separated.
 They do have great interrelationship b/c of their own advantages.
 Sport is important to government.
 To use for solders.
 Health promotion
 Educational improvement.
 National and international prestige.
 Interrelation ship with other country.
 International exchanges, strengthen intimacy, cooperation, unity and
cultural exchange.
Cont..
 Government is important to sport.
 Because Government can:
 Finance sport
 Provide facilities
 Train sport leaders, coaches and teachers.
 Adequate training system.
 Help to fund raising.
 Help to promote sport though the media.
 Develop school programs and etc.
1.4. Ethiopian sport ladder
1.4.1. The existence of sport office
 Ethiopia is one of the first African countries which pioneered
modern sport in the continent.
 Ethiopia is open the first sport office in 1930 E.C.
 The first official office for sport cam in to existence in 1936 E.C.
 The office is responsible to organize traditional and modern snorts.
 over one hundred traditional sport was characterized the cultural
values.
Cont.
1.4.1. Ethiopia’s participation in sport organization
 Ethiopia is one of the first few nations in Africa to establish modern
sports system.
 CAF was founded in 1957 by the collective efforts of Ethiopia, Egypt and
Sudan.
 In October 1948 the national sports confederation of Ethiopia(CNSE) was
formed.
 Ethiopian Olympic committee was created on 25 June 1968.
 Ethiopia mad its first Olympic appearance in 1956.
 Ethiopia is missed the 1976,1984 and 1988 Olympics all due to political
boycotts.
 Chapter Two
 BASIC CONCEPTS IN PHYSICAL FITNESS
 As we learned in previous grade physical fitness is the body’s
ability to function efficiently and effectively.
2.1. EVALUATION OF PERSONAL FITNESS
 Physical fitness is a state of health or condition of the body’s ability
to withstand the stress of daily life.
 Fitness is divided in to two components
 Health related and
 Skill related fitness
 Health related fitness is five components
 Muscular strength
Cont..
 Muscular endurance
 Cardiovascular endurance
 Flexibility and
 body composition
 Skill related fitness
 Agility
 Balance
 Coordination
 Speed
 Power
 Reaction time
Cont..
 Fitness testes are categorized in to:
 Laboratory tested and
 Field tests
 Laboratory test such as treadmill test
 Field test such as 12m run test
 Laboratory tests require expensive equipment and expert’s
knowledge.
 Field test do not require much time and equipment.
 All major physical fitness tests systematically exclude students
with identified physical, mental, emotional and sensory disability
from their norming samples.
Cont..
 Interpreting fitness results require we know the rating scale of
each test.
 There are four rating categories known by fitness zone.
 Physical fitness zones
1. High performance zone
o High performance zone is a good indicator of adequate physical
fitness.
o Achievement of high performance scores has more to do with
performance on various physical than does with good health.
Cont..
2. Good fitness zone
o Good fitness zone is an indicator of having enough specific
fitness components.
o Help to reduce the risk of specific hypokinetic condition
o Maintain an active life style.
3. Marginal zone
o Marginal scores indicate that some improvement is in order,
but you are nearing minimal health standards set by experts
Cont..
4. Low fitness zone
o It indicate that you are probably less fit than you should be for your
own good health.
o In some fitness components you may wish achieve the performance
zone due to personal reasons.
o 2.1.1. Evaluating muscular strength
o Muscular strength is the ability of muscle group to exert force of over
come the most resistance in one effort.
o Strength can be measured based on the amount of weight lifted.
o Upper body and lower body strength are measured separately.
o
Cont..
o The following test can be used to measure your muscular strength.
o Upper body test
 Push up test
 Pull up test
 Trunk lift test
o Lower body test
 Squat test
 Mile test
 wall sit test.
Cont..
A. Push up test
 The purpose of this test is to evaluate the endurance of the arm, chest and
trunk muscles.
B. Pull up test
 The purpose of pull up test is to measure the strength of arm, shoulder and
upper back muscles.
C. Trunk lift test
 The purpose of this test is measure the strength of the upper back and
neck muscles.
D. Squat test
 The purpose of this test is strengthens muscles of your lower body
Cont..
E. Mile test/1.6km run test
 The purpose of this test is measures aerobic fitness and leg muscles
endurance
F. Wall test
 The purpose of wall test is to measure the strength endurance of the
lower body particularly the quadriceps muscle group.
2.1.2. Evaluating muscular endurance
 Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to
exert force to over come a resistance many times.
Cont..
 The following test can be used to measure your muscular strength.
a) Sitting trucks
b) Ninety degree push up and
c) Flexed arm support tests
A. Sitting trucks
 Purpose is to evaluate muscular endurance of abdomen and thighs
B. Ninety degree push up and
 Purpose is to evaluate the endurance of the arm and chest muscles
Cont..
C. Flexed arm support(static push up)test
 The Purpose of this test is to evaluate the endurance of the arms
and trunk muscles
2.1.3. Evaluating Flexibility
 There are varies of tests to measure flexibility
 The method of assessing flexibility is the following
a) Sit and reach test/trunk flexion test/
 The purpose of this test is to measure the flexion of trunk and the
ability to stretch the lower back and thigh muscles
Cont..
b) Shoulder flexibility test
 The purpose of this test is to measure the flexibility of the shoulder
flexors.
2.1.4. Evaluating Cardiovascular endurance
 Cardiorespiratory endurance is measured by maximum oxygen up
take(Vo2 max) and how it’s used during intense exercise.
 Cardiovascular endurance level is to evaluate by twelve minute run
and step test.
Cont..
a) Twelve minute run test
b) Step test
2.1.5. Evaluating body composition
 Body is a method of breaking down the body in to its core
components: fat, protein, minerals and body water
 Body composition evaluation is a valuable technique to asses
nutritional status.
 We can evaluating body composition by:
 Measuring body fat
 Determining ideal body weight
Cont..
2.4 Flexibility
 Nature and purpose of flexibility
o Flexibility is the ability to move the body through a full range of
possible motion
o Inactive persons are less flexible than active persons.
o Active persons stretch their muscle more than inactive persons.
o Many fitness experts claim that stretching for 20min a day help
prevent the stiffness that accompanies aging.
o Gymnastics, martial arts, diving and yoga etc. are require
flexibility.
Cont..
2.4.1. Methods of develop flexibility
o To develop flexibility is stretching after proper warming up.
o Maintaining good flexibility is important in prevention of injury to
the muscle and joint.
o There are two methods used to develop flexibility
a) Static stretch
b) Ballistic stretch
o Ballistic stretching is a form of dynamic stretching.
o In static stretch a muscle is slowly stretched and then held in that
position for several seconds.
Cont..
The exercise used to develop flexibility is:
© Upper body stretching exercise
1) Neck stretch(forward, backward and side to side)
2) Arm stretcher
3) Chest and back stretcher
© Trunk, Hip and Back stretching exercise
1) Leg hug
2) Lateral trunk stretching
© Lower body stretching exercise
1) Hamstring stretching
2) Hip and thigh stretching
 Chapter 3
Gymnastics
 Gymnastics is sport that includes physical exercise requiring
balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination and
endurance.
 Gymnastics is categorized in to two
 Tumbling(floor) gymnastics and
 Apparatus gymnastics
Cont.…
A. Tumbling gymnastics
© Tumbling is the art manipulating the body in feats of skill
without the use of apparatus.

© Tumbling is a floor gymnastics.

© Example: Hand spring

 Front hand spring

 Round off

 Back hand spring

Cont.…
B. Apparatus gymnastics
© Apparatus gymnastics is performed using a set of materials or

equipment's designed for a specific purpose.

© There are many activities which can be perform on apparatus

© Example: Squat vault, benches, beams, bars and etc.

 CHAPTER FOUR
HANDBALL
 Introduction
 How hand ball game is played?
© Hand ball is one of the most popular team games in the world.
© Handball is basically a running sport
© The game also be played by both sexes.
© The main objective of the game is to score a goal by moving the
ball toward the opponent's goal.
© HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF HANDBALL

© Handball is originated in Europe around 1904.

Cont.…
© The Amateur handball federation(AHF) was founded in 1928 by
11 countries.
© Olympic committee was formed in 1936.
© International handball federation(IHF)was founded in 1946,with
54 countries as a members and b/n 2 or 3 million players.
© Basic rules of Handball
© Rule of handball is originated and revised each year by the joint

of (HRC) and (IHF).

Cont.…
© Basic rules are:
 Official
 Duration of the games
 The field
 Number of player
 Substitution and suspension
 Essential equipment's
A. Officials
© Officials of handball game are referees, score keepers and time
keepers.
© Both are have right to warn and disqualifies players
© Both are incomplete change of the game and their decision are final
Cont.…
© The Duties referees are to announce penalties, give warnings and
order suspensions.
© The field referee concentrates on the player with ball and checks
the proper distance of the defense on free throws.
B. Duration of the games
© Game length can be set to accommodate individual conditions.
© But The official time for men 30-60min separated by an
intermission of 10min
Cont.…
C. Number of players, substitution and suspension
© The game may be played with five to 15 players of either or both
sexes.
© An official team has 12 players :10 court players with only six
players , with only six playing at any time, and two goalkeepers,
with only one playing at any time.
© When a court player is off the playing field, a substitute may enter.
© Substitute and goal keeper need not notify the time keeper, but the
substitute must have a distinctive uniform.
Cont.…
D. Essential equipment's
© The equipment required to play handball is minimal.
© Foot comfort and protection should be a primary concern of both
players, coach and referee.
© Essential equipment's such as: shoes, team uniforms, protection,
ball and etc.
© For men The ball weight 425-475g and 58-60cm in circumference.
© For women The ball weight 350-400g and 54-56cm in
circumference.
Cont.…
The field
Cont.…
The field
Cont.…
E. The field
© The hand ball court/field whether in doors and outdoors.
© The field for international competition is 40x20m.
© The penalty mark is 7m.
© The goals are 2 meters in height and 3m in width.
© The goal is made up of wood or metal painted in contrasting in
colours.
Cont.…
E. Catching, Passing and Dribbling
© The skill of passing and catching the ball are the basic all offensive
in handball.
© The objective of these techniques is important of all offensive and
defensive skills.
 Pass
© The ball is played with the help of passes in order to get a favorable
position for throwing on a goal.