DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Lecture Note on Workshop Practice – II (MEng4191)

P.By: Tigistu A.
Email: tigistuamare@gmail.com
Phone: +251 910291784
 Outline
• Lathe machine definition
• Part of Lathe machine
 Lathe Machine definition
• Lathe machine is a machine tool that removes undesired material
from a rotating work-piece in the form of chips with the help of a
tool that is traversed across the work and can be feed deep into
the work.

• It is one of the most

versatile and widely
used machine tools all
over the world.
Parts of Lathe Machine
The Lathe Machine consists of the following Main Parts:
• Bed
• Headstock
• Tail stock
• Carriage
• Saddle
• Cross Slide
• Compound rest
• Tool Post
• Apron
• Chuck
• Feed rod
• Lead Screw
• Spindle
Bed

• Bed is the base on which all the other parts of the lathe
are mounted.

The three major units mounted on a bed are:

1. Headstock

2. Tailstock
3. Carriage
 Headstock

• Is present on the left end of the bed.

Function:
• To transmit power to the different parts of the lathe.
• Supports the main spindle in the bearing and align it
properly.
• It also houses a necessary transmission mechanism
with speed changing levers to obtain different speeds.
 Cont’d

• Accessories mounted on the headstock spindle are:

1. Three Jaw Chuck

2. Four Jaw Chuck
3. Lathe Centre and Lathe Dog
4. Collet Chuck
5. Face Plate
6. Magnetic Chuck
Tailstock
• Tailstock is a movable casting located opposite to the headstock on
the way of the bed.
• The basic function of the tailstock is:

1. To support the other end of the work when being machined.

2. To hold a tool for performing operations like drilling, reaming,
tapping, etc.

• It consists of the dead centers, the adjusting screws, and the hand
wheel.

• The body of the tailstock is adjustable on the base which is

mounted on the guide ways of the bed and can be moved.
Carriage
• Carriage is located between headstock and tailstock.

Functions:

• To support, guide, and feed the tool against the job during operation.
• Provides a mounted or automatic cross movement for the cutting
tool.
• It consists of 5 main parts:
• Saddle

• Cross Slide
• Compound rest
• Tool Post

• Apron
 Cont’d
• Saddle:
• It is an H-shaped casting mounted on the top of the lathe ways.
• It provides support to cross-slide, compound rest, and tool
post.
• Cross Slide:
• It is provided with a female dovetail on one side and
assembled on the top of the saddle with its male dovetail.
• The top surface of the cross slide is provided with T- slots to
enable fixing of rear tool post or coolant attachment.
Compound Rest

• Compound rest is present on the top of the cross slide.

• It supports the tool post and cutting tool in its various
positions.
• Compound rest is necessary for turning angles and boring
short tapers and forms on forming tools.
 Tool Post
• Tool post is mounted on the compound rest and It is used
to hold various cutting tool holders.
• The holders permits the height of the cutting edge to be
adjusted by tilting the tool and It is fixed on the top slide.
• It gets its movement by the movement of the saddle, cross
slide, and top slide.
 Cont’d

Types of tool post

• Ring and rocker tool post
• It consists of a circular tool post with a slot for
accommodating the tool or tool holder.

• Quick change tool post

• Square head tool post
Apron
• Apron is fastened to the saddle and hangs over the front
of the bed.
• Apron consists of the gears and clutches for transmitting
motion from the feed rod to the carriage, and the split
nut which engages with the lead screw during cutting
threads.
• Two types of Apron are extensively used:

1. Incorporating drop worm mechanism.

2. Friction or dog clutches.

 Chuck

• Chuck is basically used to hold the work-piece, particularly of

short length and large diameter or of irregular shape which can’t
be conveniently mounted between centres.

• It can be attached to the lathe by screwing on the spindle nose.

• Four different types of chucks are commonly used in Lathe:

1. Independent or four-jaw chuck

2. Three jaw or universal chuck

3. Collect chuck and

4. Magnetic Chuck
Independent or four-jaw chuck
• It is used for hold irregular shapes, rough castings of
square or octagonal in such jobs, where a hole is to be
positioned off the centre.

• It consists of four jaws and each jaw is independently

actuated and adjusted by a key for holding the job.
Three jaw or universal chuck
• It consists of three jaws that move simultaneously by
turning a key and the work-piece automatically remains in
the centre of the chuck opening.

• It is used for holding a round, hexagonal bar or other

symmetric work.
 Cont’d
Collet chuck

• It is mostly used in the places where production work is

required in Capstan Lathe or automats.

• It is used for holding the bars of small sizes (below 63mm).

Magnetic chuck

• They are of permanent magnet type or electrically

operated.

• In Lathe, it does not have widespread use.

Feed Rod

• Feed rod is a power transmission mechanism used for

precise linear movement of the carriage along the
longitudinal axis of the lathe.

• In some lathe machines instead of feed rod lead screws

are used.
Lead screw

• Lead screw is used mostly when threading operation is to

be performed on a lathe.

• For threading operation rotational movement of the job

(work-piece) and the linear movement of the tool (tool
post) is requires. I.e. rotation of the job is obtained by the
chuck and the desired linear motion of the tool post is
provided with the help of a lead screw.
Products made by Lathe Machine

• A variety of products can be made from the lathe machine

and that are:
• Nuts, bolts, piston, ram, pump part, electric motor parts,
sleeves, Aircraft parts, gun barrels, candlesticks, train
parts, cue sticks, wooden bowls, baseball bat, crankshaft
and many more things.
Types of Lathe Machine
• There are 10 different types of Lathe Machine and those
are:
1. Engine Lathe or Center Lathe
2. Speed Lathe
3. Turret lathe
4. Capstan Lathe
5. Tool-room Lathe
6. Bench Lathe
7. Gap bed lathe
8. Hollow spindle Lathe
9. Vertical Turret Lathe and
10. CNC Lathe Machine.
Classification of Lathe Machine Operations

A. Lathe machine operations done either by holding the

work piece between centres or by a chuck
B. Lathe machine operations which are performed by holding
the work by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate

C. Lathe machine operation performed by using special

attachments
 Cont’d

A. Lathe machine operations done either by holding the work

piece between centres or by a chuck
1. Turning Operation
a) Plain or Straight Turning
b) Rough Turning
c) Shoulder Turning
d) Taper Turning
e) Eccentric Turning
 Cont’d

2. Facing Operation
3. Chamfering Operation
4. Knurling Operation
5. Thread cutting Operation
6. Filing Operation
7. Polishing Operation
8. Grooving Operation
9. Spinning Operation
10. Spring Winding
11. Forming
Turning

• Turning is the operation of removing the excess material from the

work-piece to produce a cylindrical surface to the desired length.

• The job held between the centre or a chuck and rotating at a

required speed.
• The tool moves in a longitudinal direction to give the feed towards
the headstock with proper depth of cut.
 Cont’d
1. Straight Turning
• The work-piece is held on the chuck and it is made to rotate about
the axis, and the tool is fed parallel to the lathe axis.
• The straight turning produces a cylindrical surface by removing
excess metal from the work-piece.

2. Rough Turning
• It is the process of removal of excess material from the work-piece
in minimum time by applying high rate feed and heavy depth of cut.
• in rough turning the average depth of cut is 2mm to 4mm and feed is
from 0.3 to 1.5mm per revolution of the work.
 Cont’d

3. Shoulder Turning
• When a work-piece has different diameters and is to be turned, the
surface forming steps from one diameter to the other is called the
shoulder, and machining this part of the work-piece is called
shoulder turning.
 Cont’d

4. Eccentric turning:
• When a cylindrical surface two separate axis of rotation, with the
first axis, is offset to the other axis then such a work-piece is
machined by the operation called eccentric turning. Here three sets
of centre holes are drilled.
• By holding the work-piece at these three centres the machining
operation for each of the surface can be completed.
 Cont’d

5. Taper Turning:
• A ''taper'' is the uniform increase or decrease in the
diameter of the work-piece and measured along with its
length.
• Taper turning means to produce a conical shape by a
gradual reduction in diameter from a cylindrical work-
piece.
Facing

• It is an operation of reducing the length of the work-piece by feeding

the perpendicular to the lathe axis.
• This operation of reducing a flat surface on the end of the work-
piece.
• For this operation, regular turning tool or facing tool may use. The
cutting edge of the tool should set to the same height as the centre
of the work-piece.
 Cont’d

B. Lathe machine operations which are performed by holding

the work by a chuck or a faceplate or an angle plate are:
1. Drilling
• which is used to remove the material from the workpiece by
making use of a drill bit
2. Reaming
• is done after drilling to make internal holes of a very
accurate diameter
3. Boring –
• is an internal turning operation used for enlarging the existing holes
by some amount.
4. Counterboring
• is an internal turning operation used for enlarging the
end of the holes.
 Cont’d
5. Taper boring
6. Tapping
7. Undercutting
8. Internal thread cutting
9. Parting-off
 Cont’d

C. The operation performed by using special attachments are:

1. Grinding
2. Milling
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