GROUPED

DATA
Practical Research 2
Senior High School Applied - Academic
What is the
importance of
describing a set
of data using
descriptive
statistics?

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 2
 ● Accurately describe a given set
Learning of data using descriptive
Objectives statistics.
At the end of the
lesson, you should be ● Correctly apply statistical
able to do the
following: analysis in a set of data.

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 33
 How many hours, on average, do you study
each day?

Calculate for the mean of the given data:

___________________ hours

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 44
 Name Average Number of Hours Studying

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 55
 GROUPED DATA

Grouped data are data formed by aggregating

individual observations of a variable into
groups, so that a frequency distribution of
these groups serves as a convenient means of
summarizing or analyzing the data

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 6
 ● These are used to measure the
middle value of the data.
Measures
of Central
Tendency ● These include the mean,
median, and mode.

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 7
Measures of Central Tendency - MEAN

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 88
 f x fx
1-10 3

11-20 5

21-30 3

31-40 6

41-50 8

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 99
Measures of Central Tendency - MEDIAN

Where: lbmc = lower limit of median class

Σf = total number of observations
<cf = cumulative frequency of the class
preceding the median class
fmc = frequency of the median class
i = class size

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 10
10
Measures of Central Tendency - MEDIAN

Median class – class with the smallest

cumulative frequency greater than or
equal to one-half of the total frequency

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 11
11
 f cf
1-10 3

11-20 5

21-30 3

31-40 6

41-50 8

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 12
12
Measures of Central Tendency = MODE

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 13
Measures of Central Tendency = MODE

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 14
 f
1-10 3

11-20 5

21-30 3

31-40 6

41-50 8

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 15
15
 ● These measure how spread
out the scores are.
Measures
of
● These include the range,
Variability
standard deviation, and
sample variability.

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 16
Measures of Variability - RANGE

f
1-10 3

11-20 5

21-30 3

31-40 6

41-50 8

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 17
17
Measures of Variability – STANDARD DEVIATION

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 18
18
Measures of Variability – STANDARD DEVIATION and
SAMPLE VARIANCE
f m fm m- (m- )2 (m- )2
1-10 3
11-20 5
21-30 3
31-40 6
41-50 8

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 19
19
 This refers to the estimate of
Standard the standard deviation of a
Error sample.

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 20
Karl Pearson developed two methods to find skewness in a
sample.

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 21
21
ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT
EXPLAIN EXTEND 22
22
Kurtosis

1. Get the mean

2. Get the x-mean ^4
3. Get the standard deviation
4. Substitute the data

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 23
23
Kurtosis

Standard Deviation

20
24
31
15
10

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 24
24
Kurtosis

20
24
31
15
10

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 25
25
Why is it important to
determine the
distribution of the data?

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 26
Example

Gino wants to analyze the distribution of the daily

sales of his store for the past 200 days. He solved for
its skewness and kurtosis and found that they are
0.23 and 0.56, respectively.

What do those values tell us about the distribution of

the data?

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 27
27
Tips

To easily describe a set of data

and ensure its accuracy, it is best
to use spreadsheets or online
calculators rather than doing it by
hand.

28
Practice

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 29
Solution
The mean of ______ shows that most
of the scores of the students are
close to ______.

The standard error of ______ shows that

if a sample is drawn from the
population, the sample mean can differ from
the population mean by ______.
ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT
EXPLAIN EXTEND 30
Solution
The kurtosis of ______ shows that
the data is mesokurtic. The broadness of
the curve is normal.

The skewness of ______ shows that

the curve is barely negatively skewed
but still normally distributed.

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 31
 Quick Check

What method/s can you

use to describe the
variability of your data?

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 32
32
QUIZ
GET THE FOLLOWING PER ITEM:
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Variability
• Standard Error
• Skewness
• Kurtosis

GIVE YOUR ANALYSIS ON THE STANDARD ERROR, SKEWNESS

AND KURTOSIS
ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT
EXPLAIN EXTEND 33
33
QUIZ
1. 82, 23, 59, 94, 70, 26, 32, 83, 87, 94, 32
2. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,60, 70, 80, 90, 100
3. 83, 93, 77, 33, 62, 28, 23
4. 8.1, 9.2, 10.5, 8.9, 11.11
5. 31, 25, 92, 29, 25, 31, 69

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 34
34
 Quick Check

What is the importance of

describing a set of data
using descriptive
statistics?

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 35
 Challenge!

Which statistical tools would you choose to

describe the grades of your class in
Practical Research and what would you be
able to describe with your choices?

ENGAG EXPLOR EVALUAT

EXPLAIN EXTEND 36
36
 Wrap Up

Descriptive statistics are brief descriptive

coefficients that summarize a given data
set, which can be a representation of either
the entire or a sample of a population.

37
Wrap Up

38
 Bibliography

Alberca, Alfredo Sanchez. n.d. “Exercises of Descriptive Statistics.” Aprende con Alf.
Accessed January 10, 2019. http://aprendeconalf.es/statistics/exercises/statistics.html.
Brown, Stan. 2008. “Measures of Shape: Skewness and Kurtosis.” Brown Math. Updated May 22, 2016.
https://brownmath.com/stat/shape.htm.
Chen, James. 2019. “Skewness.” Investopedia. Last modified November 19, 2019.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/skewness.asp.
Kenton, Will. 2019. “Kurtosis.” Investopedia. Last modified February 17, 2019.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/kurtosis.asp.
———. 2019. “Descriptive Statistics Definition.” Investopedia. Last modified June 27, 2019.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/descriptive_statistics.asp.

39
 Bibliography

Minitab, LLC. 2019. “How Skewness and Kurtosis Affect your Distribution.”
http://bit.ly/2JfXhjt.
Pierce, Rod. 2019. “Definition of Mode.” Maths is Fun. http://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/mode.html
.
———. 2018. "Median Definition (Illustrated Mathematics Dictionary)." Math Is Fun.
http://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/median.htm.
Radford University. n.d. “201 Sample Problems Descriptive Statistics.” Accessed January 10, 2019.
https://www.radford.edu/~tpierce/201%20files/201%20handouts/z-scores%20and%20percentiles%
20practice%20problems%202.pdf
.

40