PHILIPPINE

POLITICS AND
GOVERNMENT
QUARTER 1
WEEK 3
 POWER | NATION, STATE, AND
GLOBALIZATION
•
What is your own concept of power? Is it something related to
the abilities of super heroes? You must remember that power has
different manifestation in politics. You will encounter in this
module how control and influence are related to power and how
are they manifested in real life. You will also be introduced to
the types and sources of power, and forms of authority.
WHAT IS POWER?
 POWER
• Power is generally referred to as the ability to do something and
achieve desired outcome. In politics, power is all about control and
influence which are used to achieve a certain agenda. Both terms imply
manipulation but it can be manifested in different ways. Control
imposes force on someone to do something he/she does not want to do.
Influence uses persuasion; it aids in changing the mindset or attitude of
someone that renders him/her to be obedient or do something without
hesitation.
 TYPES OF POWER EXPERT
POWER
• 1. Expert power – based on the perception that the leader
possesses some special knowledge, skills, or talents and
expertise.
• 2. Referent power – based on the follower’s liking, admiring, REWARD REFERENT
POWER POWER
or identifying with the leader.
• 3. Reward power – based on the leader’s capacity to mediate
rewards for the followers. POWE
• 4. Legitimate power – based on the follower’s perception that R
the leader has the legitimate right or authority to exercise
control or influence over him
• 5. Coercive power – based on the follower’s fear that non-
compliance with leader’s wishes or commands will lead to
LEGITIMATE COERCIVE
punishment. POWER POWER
 SOURCES OF POWER
• 1. Authority – it is the right to enforce obedience without question and it exists
without the imposition of sanctions. Authority usually has legal bases.
• 2. Human resources – it refers to the number of persons who willingly render
obedience and cooperation to someone.
• 3. Skills, knowledge, and talents – someone assumes power because he/she is
believed to have expertise on something or has special abilities.
• 4. Psychological factors – it refers to habits and attitudes toward
obedience and submission, usually given voluntarily.
• 5. Material resources – the degree to which a person controls property,
natural resources, financial resources, the economic system, the means of
communication, and transportation.
• 6. Sanctions – the punishments for not rendering obedience.
 “POWER TENDS TO CORRUPT. ABSOLUTE POWER CORRUPTS
ABSOLUTELY.”
- LORD ACTON –

• It is a matter of the degree to which some or all of these sources of

power are present: only rarely, if ever, are all of them completely
available to a ruler or completely absent. To the degree that the sources
of power are available without limits, the ruler’s power is absolute.
And when someone has absolute power, his/her tendency to abuse it or
be corrupted by it is boundless, unlimited, and unrestrained.
 AUTHORITY
• Power is a prime ingredient of politics (roskin et.Al., 2012). In political
realm, power is exercised in the state where authority is granted on the
government. Authority is power recognized as legitimate (legal) which
is why the government can enforce obedience without question. It is
significant to note, however, that the legitimacy of someone’s power
may not be always come from the laws, it can come from other sources.
 TYPES OF AUTHORITY
1. Traditional authority
• Authority is based on acceptance of and high regard of traditions
and customs. This is why religious figures or leaders are
respected and obeyed. Monarchies are examples of this type.
2. Rational-legal authority
• Authority is based on established law. People obey the leader
because they accept his/her power under the law.
3. Charismatic authority
• Authority is based on personal characteristics of a leader, whose
qualities are considered to be exceptional.
4. Coercive authority
• Authority is based on the use of force such as police or military
force to demand obedience from the subordinate.
 WHAT IS A STATE?
• ELEMENTS OF STATE

PEOPLE TERRITORY GOVERNMENT

SOVEREIGNTY
INHABITANTS POPULATION PLACE INHABITED WORKING ARM ABILITY TO SELF-RULE
 STATE
• It is a political/legal group; refers to a community of persons more or
less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory,
having a government of their own and enjoying freedom from external
control. *A state has four elements. The absence of any of the
following elements renders a group to be disqualified as a state.
 1. PEOPLE
• Also known as population or inhabitants. There is no definite number of
people set for a state. However, constitutional scholars state that the
people should have the following characteristics for it to become a state.
• A. Enough number to perform the functions of the state.
• B. Self-perpetuating; it should have the capacity to procreate to sustain
its existence.
 TERRITORY
• Refers to the portion of earth occupied and inhabited by the people. It
should be permanent and specific in its dimension. Hence, the united
nations convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS) was created to define
the rights and responsibilities of countries over their territories.
A. Components of territory:
• A.1 aerial domain – refers to air space above the land and the waters.
• A.2 terrestrial domain – refers to fixed portion of the land over which the
jurisdiction of the state extends.
• A.3 fluvial and maritime domain – refers to bodies of water within,
between, and around the lands.
B. Ways of acquiring territory
• B.1 discovery and occupation – oldest method of acquiring territory; intentional
acquisition of the territory which is not owned by any state.
• B.2 prescription – continued occupation by state of a territory over a long period of
time; there is no standard year for prescription but scholars argue that prescription
should last for 50 years.
• B.3 subjugation and annexation – acquiring territory by the use of force; it is
manifested in conquest or colonization. Conquered territories are annexed by the
conquerors to his/her state.
• B.4 cession - transfer of territory usually by treaty from one state to another; it may
also be in the form of exchange of territory or in the form gift or donation or devise.
• B.5 accretion – adding portions of territory through human labor or natural activity
(avulsion).
 3. GOVERNMENT

• A mechanism of the state, through which the will of the people

is expressed, formulated, and carried out; it is the “working
arm” of the state.
 4. SOVEREIGNTY
• The ability of the state to self-rule or to govern itself and is free from any foreign control.
A. Types of sovereignty:
• A.1 internal sovereignty (domestic) – ability to enforce rules and policies within its
territory or jurisdiction.
• A.2 external sovereignty (international) – also known as independence, it is the freedom
of the state from external control.
B. Elements of sovereignty:
• B.1 dominium – the ability of the state to own and acquire lands and resources within its
territory.
• B.2 imperium – the ability of the state to enforce its will on the people.
 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE STATE

• 1. Divine origin theory – the oldest theory of the state; believes that the state was
god’s creation and the leaders of the state (such as the kings) were appointed by god.
It is the basis of the divine rights of the monarchs.
• 2. Force theory – asserts that the state was a product of continuous warfare and
conquest; the conquerors become the leaders while the conquered become the
subordinates.
• 3. Evolution theory – believes that the state came from families that group into
bigger groups of people such as tribes and community.
• 4. Social contract theory – stipulates that the state is create as a result of man’s
entering into a contract which lessens his freedom and privileges and in return will
provide the man of what he needs.
 INHERENT POWERS OF STATE
• POLICE POWER
• The power of promoting the public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of
both liberty and property of all the people. It is considered to be the most all-
encompassing of the three powers. Police power can be exercised only by the
government and is justified by the philosophy of these maxims:
• A. Salus populi suprema lex – the welfare of the people is the supreme law.
• B. Sic utere ut alienum non laedas – use your property in such a manner as not to
injure that of another.
 POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN
• The power of taking property, upon payment of just
compensation, for conversion of such property to public use or
purpose. It may be exercised by the government and some
private persons or corporations who are authorized to exercise
functions of public character. The power of eminent domain can
be exercised under the following conditions:
• A. Presence of private property – the power of eminent
domain concerns the things owned by individuals and not
by the state.
• B. Necessity of taking – the taking of the private property
must be justified by the purpose of public use or utility.
• C. Having just compensation – the property taken from
its owner must be paid with fair and adequate equivalent.
 POWER OF TAXATION
• The power to impose tax on individuals and properties to
support the government. Tax refers to compulsory monetary
contribution that will be used for public expenditure. Tax is the
lifeblood of the government. Without tax, the government
cannot perform its functions. The degree of tax depends on
every state. However, taxation has three general features:
• A. Uniform taxation – persons belonging to the same
class shall be taxed at the same rate.
• B. Equitable taxation – tax burden must be imposed
according to the taxpayers’ capacity.
• C. Progressive taxation – as the resources of the
taxpayer becomes higher, his rates likewise increase.
 WHAT IS A NATION?
• As described in the earlier lessons, nation is a cultural entity; a large
group of people bound together by common culture, language, history,
and descent. It is an aggregation of men speaking the same language,
using the same customs, processing historic continuity, and disguised
from other like groups by their racial origin and characteristics.
 ELEMENTS OF A NATION
• The following elements make up a nation:
1. Shared Similarities
• These similarities may be demographic characteristics such as language,
descent, and religion, or may be common culture or historical experiences.
2. Feeling of Community
• People in a group perceive that their shared similarities binds them together
into one unified entity. This makes the people still connected even though
they were dispersed into the different areas or regions of the earth. An
example of this are the OFW’s.
 NATIONALISM VS PATRIOTISM
(GEORGE ORWELL)
NATIONALISM SIMILARITIES PATRIOTISM

ETNOCENTRIC SENTIMENTAL FEELING RELATIVIST

OR ATTACHMENT TO
HOMELAND
AGGRESSIVE(HOSTILE LOVE FOR ONE’S OWN PASSAGE (PEACE
TO ENEMIES) COUNTRY SEEKING)

DOES NOT TOLERATE DOES NOT TOLERATE ACKNOWLEDGES THE

CRITICISM AND FLAWS AND ATTEMPTS
JUSTIFIES TO CORRECT MISTAKES
RESORTS TO RIVALRY IMPERIALISM/ BELIEVES IN FRIENDLY
AND RESENTMENT COLONIZATION RELATIONS
 POLYSTATE NATION AND
MULTINATIONAL STATE
• The Arab nation is not a state but a nation which consists of
several states, such as Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan,
Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates. On the
other hand, the United States of America is a state and not a
nation but it consists of several nations such as Caucasian,
African, Chinese and Indian Nations.
 NATION-STATE
• It is the integration of the state and the nation. Therefore,
nation-state would exist if nearly all the members of a single
nation were organized in a single state. As an entity, its
strength relies on the fusion of both the cultural and political
aspects.
• Most of the modern countries we have today are nation-states
since it is easier to govern a state with people having
homogenous culture and race. Many multinational states are
born out of colonization or conquest.
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
• As the time passes, more and more countries are opening their
doors to other countries in terms of economy, culture, and
politics. Overtime, restrictions between states are eased which
made it easier for ideas, practices, people, and products to cross
borders. We become more connected and linked globally. This
is what we call as globalization. It refers to global
interconnectedness; a process through which societies have
become so intertwined or interconnected that events and
decisions in one part of the world have significant effects on
the lives of people in the other parts of the world.
 DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Interconnectedness of countries and states have different faces or
manifestations:
1. Economic globalization
• All economies have been integrated in a global community where there
are less economic barriers, and more capital flowing freely between
countries.
• Example: international production, financial capital flowing freely
between countries
2. Cultural globalization
• Implies an increased cultural interconnectedness across
the globe, principally as a result of the mass media,
leading to similar life patterns in different parts of the
globe
• Example: KPop fever, use of Facebook, patronage on
foreign culture
3. Political globalization
• Nation-states recognize the importance of international
organizations. These organizations such as united nations, world
trade organization, etc., Have influence on domestic issues.
• Example: influence on domestic issues of organizations such as
the united nations, world trade organization, world bank, Asian
development bank, and international red cross