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Chapter 3 - Power Electronics in Drives System - Part2
Chapter 3 - Power Electronics in Drives System - Part2
Contents:
Electrical DC Drives
Electrical AC Drives
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC
400
200
+ 2Vm -200
Vo cos -400
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
50Hz Vo 10
0
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
500
50Hz
+ -500
3-phase 0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
3VL L ,m
Vo Vo cos 30
20
Average voltage
over 3.33 ms 10
0
0.4 0.405 0.41 0.415 0.42 0.425 0.43 0.435 0.44
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC
2Vm
+ 2Vm
Vo cos
50Hz Vo 90o 180o
1-phase Average voltage
over 10ms
2Vm
3VL L,m
50Hz
+
3-phase
3VL L ,m
Vo Vo cos
90o 180o
Average voltage
over 3.33 ms 3VL L ,m
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC
ia
Vt
+
3-phase Q1
supply Vt Q2
Q3 Q4 Ia
+
3-
phase 3-phase
Vt supply
supply
Q2 Q1
Q3 Q4
T
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC
F1 R1
3-phase
supply
+ Va -
R2 F2
Q2 Q1
Q3 Q4
T
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC
Cascade control structure with armature reversal (4-quadrant):
iD
iD,ref
Armature
iD, reversal
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC
Uncontrolled control
rectifier
Switch Mode DC-DC
1-Quadrant
2-Quadrant
4-Quadrant
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC
control
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter
Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1
+ Ia
D2
T2 Va
T1 conducts va = Vdc
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter
Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1
+ Ia
D2
T2 Va
Va Eb
Quadrant 1 The average voltage is made larger than the back emf
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter
Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1
+ Ia
D2
T2 Va
D1 conducts va = Vdc
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter
Va
T1 D1
+
ia
Vdc Q2 Q1
+ Ia
D2
T2 Va
Va Eb
Quadrant 2 The average voltage is made smallerr than the back emf, thus
forcing the current to flow in the reverse direction
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Two-quadrant Converter
vc
2vtri
+
vA Vdc
-
+
vc
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B
+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va
Vdc
D4 D2
Q4 Q2
Positive current
va = Vdc when Q1 and Q2 are ON
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
leg A leg B
+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va
Vdc
D4 D2
Q4 Q2
Positive current
+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va
Vdc
D4 D2
Q4 Q2
+ D1 D3
Q1 Q3
+ Va
Vdc
D4 D2
Q4 Q2
vc
2vtri
Vdc
Vdc
+ + vA
vA vB 0
- - Vdc
vB
0
vc Vdc
+ vAB
_ -Vdc
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
Unipolar switching scheme – output
AC-DC-DC swings between Vdc and -Vdc
vc
Vtri
-vc
Vdc
+ + Vdc
vA vB
vA
0
- -
Vdc
vc vB
0
+
Vdc
_
vAB
0
-vc
Power Electronic Converters in ED Systems
DC DRIVES
AC-DC-DC DC-DC: Four-quadrant Converter
Armature
200 current 200
0 0
-50 -50
-150 -150
-200 -200
0.04 0.0405 0.041 0.0415 0.042 0.0425 0.043 0.0435 0.044 0.0445 0.045 0.04 0.0405 0.041 0.0415 0.042 0.0425 0.043 0.0435 0.044 0.0445 0.045
control
* *+ T* +
+
position speed current
controller controller controller converter Motor
kT
1/s
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in DC Drives - Hysteresis-based
ia
Vdc
+
iref
−
Va
va
iref + ierr q
_ q
i*a +
Converter
i*b +
i*c +
iq
is
h h h h
id
Scope
iaref
To Workspace1 g
+ i
A + -
DCVoltage Source B Series RLCBranchC
3urrent Measurement 3
c1 p1 -
C
i
c2 p2 + -
Universal Bridge 1
c3 p3 Series RLCBranchCurrent
1 Measurement 1
ina p4 i
+ -
Sine Wave
inb p5 Series RLCBranchCurrent
2 Measurement 2
inc p6
Subsystem
Sine Wave 1
Sine Wave 2
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in AC Drives - Hysteresis-based
0.5
10
0.4
0.3
5
0.2
10
0.1
0 0
9
-0.1
-0.2
-5 8
-0.3
7 -0.4
-10
-0.5
0.005 0.01 6
0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-3
x 10
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in AC Drives - Hysteresis-based
5
0 0.6A
-0.5
0
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06
-5
0.5
-10
-10 -5 0 5 10 0 0.6A
-0.5
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06
0.5
0 0.6A
-0.5
0.04 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.05 0.052 0.054 0.056 0.058 0.06
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in DC Drives - PI-based
Vdc
iref + vc vPulse
tri width
PI modulator
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in DC Drives - PI-based
i*a +
PI PWM
Converter
i*b +
PI PWM
i*c + PWM
PI
• Sinusoidal PWM
Motor
• Interactions between phases only require 2 controllers
• Tracking error
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in DC Drives - PI-based
i*a +
PI PWM
Converter
i*b +
PI PWM
i*c + PWM
PI
Motor
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in AC Drives - PI-based
i*a
PI
SVM Converter
i*b
3-2 2-3
PI
i*c
3-2
Motor
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in AC Drives - PI-based
v a*
id *
+ PI
controller v b*
SVM
id dqabc or SPWM
VSI IM
i q* +
PI vc *
iq controller
s
Synch speed
s
estimator
abcdq
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Current controlled converters in AC Drives - PI-based
Stationary - ia Stationary - id
4 4
2 3
0 2
-2 1
-4 0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
4 Rotating - ia 4 Rotating - id
2 3
0 2
-2 1
-4 0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with Controlled rectifier
+
vc firing controlled
circuit rectifier Va
?
vc(s) va(s)
DC motor
Vm
Input voltage
0 2 3 4
vc vs
Cosine wave compared with vc
Output voltage
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with Controlled rectifier
Cosine-wave crossing control
Vscos(t) Vscos() = vc
Vm
v
0 2 3 4 cos 1 c
vs
vc vs
2Vm
Va cos
2Vm v c
Va
vs
2Vm 1 v c
Va cos cos
vs
T
s
G H (s) Ke 2
+
vc
iref current firing controlled
controller rectifier Va
circuit
–
Scope3
+
- v Continuous
Voltage Measurement4
+ i powergui
- Scope2
AC Voltage Source Current Measurement 1 Step
s
AC Voltage Source1 +
g -
+ v
A Controlled Voltage Source
Series RLC Branch
AC Voltage Source2 B To Workspace
+ - i
- v C - + ia
Voltage Measurement2 Universal Bridge Current Measurement To Workspace1
+ +
- v - v
alpha_deg
Voltage Measurement Voltage Measurement3
AB Mux Scope
BC pulses
+ CA
- v
Block
Voltage Measurement1
Synchronized Mux
6-Pulse Generator
Scope1 ir
To Workspace2
Constant 1
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with Controlled rectifier
500
500
0 0
Voltage
-500 -500
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28
15 15
10
10
5
Current
5
0
0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
Vdc
Switching signals obtained by comparing
control signal with triangular wave +
Va
vtri
q
vc
AVERAGE voltage
vc(s) Va(s)
? DC motor
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
Ttri
1 Vc > Vtri
q
vc
0 Vc < Vtri
1 t Ttri
d
Ttri t
q dt
1
t on
0 Ttri
ton
Vdc
1 dTtri
Va
Ttri
0
Vdc dt dVdc
0
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
d
0.5
vc
-Vtri
Vtri
-Vtri vc
For vc = -Vtri d = 0
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
d
0.5
vc
-Vtri -Vtri
Vtri
vc
Vtri
For vc = -Vtri d = 0
For vc = 0 d = 0.5
For vc = Vtri d=1
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
d
0.5
vc
-Vtri -Vtri
Vtri vc
1
d 0.5 vc
2Vtri
Vtri
For vc = -Vtri d = 0
For vc = 0 d = 0.5
For vc = Vtri d=1
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
Thus relation between vc and Va is obtained as:
Vdc
Va 0.5Vdc vc
2Vtri
Vdc
DC: Va 0.5Vdc vc
2Vtri
~ Vdc ~
AC: va vc
2Vtri
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
Taking Laplace Transform on the AC, the transfer function is obtained as:
v a ( s) Vdc
v c ( s) 2Vtri
v a ( s) Vdc
v c ( s) Vtri
vtri Vdc
qa
vc −
vA
Leg a
vtri
-vc qb vB
vc vc vAB
d A 0.5 dB 0.5
2Vtri 2Vtri
v a ( s) Vdc
v c ( s) Vtri
di a d m
v t ia R a L a ea Te Tl J
dt dt
T e = k t ia ee = kt
Extract the dc and ac components by introducing small
perturbations in Vt, ia, ea, Te, TL and m
ac components dc components
~
~ d i
v t ia R a L a a ~
~ ea Vt Ia R a E a
dt
~ ~
Te k E ( ia ) Te k E I a
~ ~)
e e k E ( Ee k E
~ ~ ~)
d(
~
Te TL B J
Te TL B()
dt
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
~ ~ Te(s) = kEIa(s)
Te k E ( ia )
~ ~)
e e k E ( Ea(s) = kE(s)
~ ~ ~)
d(
~
Te TL B J Te(s) = TL(s) + B(s) + sJ(s)
dt
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
Tl (s )
-
Va (s ) Ia (s ) Te (s ) (s )
1 1
kT
+ R a sL a +
B sJ
-
kE
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
q
vtri
Torque
controller +
Tc +
Vdc
–
−
q kt
DC motor
Tl (s )
Converter
Te (s ) Torque Vdc Va (s ) 1 Ia (s ) Te (s ) -
1 (s )
kT
+ controller + R a sL a + B sJ
Vtri,peak
- -
kE
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
METHOD
• Obtain linear small signal model
Ra = 2 La = 5.2 mH
Vd = 60 V Vtri = 5 V
fs = 33 kHz
kpT= 90
100
compensated
Magnitude (dB)
50 kiT= 18000
-50
90
45
Phase (deg)
compensated
-45
-90
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
* + Speed T* T
1 1
controller
– B sJ
Torque loop
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
kps= 0.2
100
Magnitude (dB)
50
kis= 0.14
compensated
0
-50
0
-45
Phase (deg)
-90
-135 compensated
-180
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: DC drives with SM Converters
40
20
Speed 0
-20
-40
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
-1
-2
Torque 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Is Lls Llr’
Rs Ir’
+
+
Lm
Vs Eag Rr’/s
– –
Im
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Te
Pull out
Torque Intersection point
(Tmax) (Te=TL) determines the
Te
steady –state speed
Trated TL
sm r
s rated rotor s
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
+ +
V Eag Eag = k f ag
_ _
E ag V
ag = constant
f f
900
800
50Hz
700
30Hz
600
500
Torque
10Hz
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Constant V/Hz
Vs
Vrated
frated f
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Constant V/Hz
Rectifier
3-phase VSI
supply
C IM
f
Ramp Pulse
+ V Width
s* Modulator
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Constant V/Hz
In1Out1
Subsystem
isd
Va
isq
Out1 ird
speed
0.41147 In1 Out2 Vb Vd
Scope
Step Slider Rate Limiter irq
Out3 Vq
Gain1
Vc
Constant V /Hz Te
To Workspace1
torque
To Workspace
200
100
Speed
0
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
400
200
0
Torque
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
200
100
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
1
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Solution:
1. Boost voltage at low speed
2. Maintain Im constant – constant ag
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
700
600 50Hz
300
10Hz
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
• In order to truly
300
compensate need to
measure stator current –
200
seldom performed
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Vrated
Linear offset
frated
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
2
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Solution:
1. Compesate slip
2. Closed-loop control
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
Rectifier
3-phase VSI
supply
C IM
f
Ramp Pulse
+ Width
s* + V
Modulator
+ +
Vboost
Slip speed
calculator
Vdc Idc
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
+ +
Lm Eag Rr’/s
Vs
maintain at rated
– Im –
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
800
50Hz
700
30Hz
600
500
Torque
10Hz
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Modeling and Control of Electrical Drives
Modeling of the Power Converters: IM drives
3-phase VSI
Rectifier
supply
C IM
Current
controller
+ slip |Is|
* PI
-
+
s
r
+
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