Socio- Cultural and Political

Institutions
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 SOCIAL INSTITUTION
A social institution “consists of all the
structural components of a society through
which the main concerns and activities are
organized, and social needs … are met”
(Marshall 1998: 317–318).
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 SOCIAL INSTITUTION
In Philippine society, some important institutions
are family, religion, and civil society. Other
institutions such as market and economy,
education, and health are also notable.
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Family
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 Family
●Family sets as the basic and the most
essential institution in the society.
It is the primary source of the values,
hierarchical status, and relational functions in
the group.
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 Family
● It is defined as the social group
characterized by common residence,
economic cooperation, and reproduction.

(Murdock 1941:1)
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 Family
● In addition, family is described as a group of people
united by mutual agreement through ties of marriage,
blood or adoption, and mutual relational interaction
and communication in creating as well as maintaining
common culture.
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(Murdock 1941:1)
 Kinship
●Family ties are also called kinship, a
“social bond based on common
ancestry, marriage, or adoption”.
(Macionis 2012: 418).
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 Descent
● It is the origin or background of
a person in terms of family or
nationality.
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 Descent Group
1. Unilineal Society
The origin of a person is either from
the mother’s or father’s line of
descent.
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 Descent Group
2. Matrilineal Descent

An individual’s origin from his/her

mother’s descent group.
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 Descent Group
3. Patrilineal Descent
A person’s origin from his/her
father’s descent group.
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 Structures of
Family
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 Based on Internal Organization or
Membership

• Nuclear Family
• Extended Family
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 Family
●Nuclear family is a family composed of
one or two parents and their children.
●It is also known as a conjugal family.
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 Family
●Extended family is composed of two or
more nuclear families that economically and
socially related to each other
●It is also known as a consanguine family.
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 Based on Internal Organization or
Authority

• Patriarchal Family
• Matriarchal Family
• Egalitarian Family
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 Patriarchal Family

●The authority is given to the father

or the eldest male in the family.
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 Matriarchal Family

●The authority is given to the

mother or the eldest female in the
family.
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 Egalitarian Family
 Both husband and wife exercise
an equal amount or way of
authority.
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 Marriage
In the Philippine Family Code, it is stated
that marriage is the special contract of
permanent union between a man and a
woman entered in the accordance with law
for the establishment of conjugal and family
life.
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 In addition, this law fosters two aspects:

• Contact
- applies to man and woman only
• Status
- created between parties
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 Terms to Ponder

• Divorce
• Annulment
• Legal Separation
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 Divorce
• Divorce happens when a married couple decides to end their
marriage.
• By definition, divorce means termination of a marriage.
During this process, both parties have a lawyer to represent
them to arrange issues such as property division and child
custody.
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The Philippines and the Vatican are the only two sovereign states without a divorce
law. 
 Annulment
● The declaration of nullity of marriage applies to null
and void marriages from the beginning.

● In the nullity of marriage, the union is void because

the marriage was invalid from the start. Annulment
has different grounds as well. 
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Annulment
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 Legal Separation
● Legal separation is a court-approved decision of the court that
allows the separation of husband and wife.
● Under legal separation, the marital obligations between the two
parties are ended, but the marriage is not.
● In a legal separation, the property regime is separated and severs
matrimonial obligations. 
● During a legal separation, properties are liquidated and dissolved.
Usually, the spouse at fault has no right to any net profits earned
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by their joint property. 

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 Forms of Marriage

• Monogamy
• Polygamy
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 Monogamy
 allows a man to marry only
one spouse at a time.
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 Polygamy
It is a form of more than one marriage and can
be described in two ways:
• Polygyny
- Marriage of one man into two or more women at
the same time.
- It is commonly practiced by Muslims and known as a
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status symbol for the man.

 Polygamy
It is a form of more than one marriage and can
be described in two ways:
• Polyandry
- Marriage of a woman to two or more
men at the same time.
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 Selection of Marriage Partners

Types of Norms in Selecting of Marriage

Partners

 Endogamy - dictates one should marry

within one’s group, clan or ethnic
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affiliation.
 Selection of Marriage Partners

Types of Norms in Selecting of Marriage

Partners

Exogamy - One can marry outside

one’s clan or ethnic affiliation.
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 Selection of Marriage Partners
Types of Norms in Selecting of Marriage
Partners

 Levirate Norms – A widow marries the

brother or the nearest kin of her
deceased husband.
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 Selection of Marriage Partners
Types of Norms in Selecting of Marriage
Partners
Surrogate Norm - Men should marry
the sister or nearest kin of his
deceased wife.
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