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Time Calculation

PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM
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LEARNING OUTCOME

Students will be able to:

 Understand Precedence Diagram
programming technique.
 Calculate the ES, EF, LS, LF, TF and FF
in a Precedence Diagram.
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Labelling of Precedence Activity

ES Activity EF
Description

LS (Duration) LF
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AON

 ES – how SOON can the activity start?

 EF – how SOON can the activity finish?
 LS – how LATE can the activity start?
 LF – how LATE can the activity finish?

Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @ copyright -

Aug 2004
 AON FUNDAMENTALS
A is preceded by nothing
A B C
B is preceded by A
C is preceded by B
B
A B and C are preceded by A

A ABC can all begin

at the same time
BUT ABC must be
B D completed before
D can begin
C
Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @ copyright -
Aug 2004
 Situations in network diagram
B
A A must finish before either B or C can start

A
C both A and B must finish before C can start
B

A B
A must finish before B can start
Dummy both A and C must finish before D can start
C
8 D
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Basic Elements

 Nodes
 Represents activities .
 Lines
 Represents activity links which are used
to represent the dependencies between
activities.
 Lag Time
 Time period that separates or designates
a waiting period between 2 activities.-a
predecessor & a successor.
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 Lag Time
 Time period that separates or designates
a waiting period between 2 activities.-a
predecessor & a successor.
 Typically a positive value.
 However, if there is a need to overlap 2
activities, the lag time is assigned as a
negative value and more appropriately
called LEAD time.
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 PREDECESSOR – any activity that must be

completed b4 a given activity can be started.
 SUCCESSOR – any activity that cannot
start until a given activity has been
completed.
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AON – Use of Lags

Types :
1. Finish-to-Start Relationship (FS)
2. Start-to-Start Relationship (SS)
3. Finish-to-Finish Relationship (FF)
4. Start-to-Finish Relationship (SF)

Most commonly used are Start-to-Start

(SS), Finish-to-Finish (FF) and
combination of this two.

Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @ copyright -

Aug 2004
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Type of Relationship

 Finish to Start

A B

FINISH START

* Activity B must not start before Activity A has been completed

 Finish-to-Start (FS)

Lag 7 B
A

Activity B must be delayed even when the preceding

activity has completed.

Example : removing formworks cannot begin until concrete

has cured for 7 days.

PM must carefully checked the lag time to reduce the risk

of being late.
Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @ copyright -
Aug 2004
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Type of Relationship

 Start to Start
 Applies to schedule the start of a
successor activity at the same time as or
after some lag time to the start of a
predecessor activity.
START START

A B
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SS

 Example:
 If activity A is Pour Concrete for slab &
Activity B is Level and Smooth Concrete,
• Activity B cannot start until A has started
but should begin immediately after the
start of A.
• Therefore, SS relationship between A and
B is assigned a lag time equals zero.
SS = O
 Start-to-Start (SS)

SS=Lag 3 Q
P

Activity Q cannot begin until 3 days after activity P begins.

Example : pipes laying project.

SS=3 days SS=5 days

Trench Lay pipe Refill

Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @ copyright -

Aug 2004
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SS with lag

Install Insulation

Install & Finish dry wall

SS = 1
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Type of Relationship

 Finish to Finish

A B
 Finish-to-Finish (FF)

FF=Lag 3 Q
P

Activity Q cannot be completed any earlier than 3 days

after P is complete.
Finish of Q depend on finish of P.

Example : testing of equipment.

Note : this is not FS because testing of subcomponents
can begin before the full installation is completed.

FF=3 days
Installation Testing
Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @ copyright -
Aug 2004
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Type of Relationship

 Start to Finish

A B
 Start-to-Finish (SF)

Lag 3 B
A

Activity B cannot end until 3 days after A has started.

Example : Testing of Concrete

Lag 3 Testing to check

Casting of concrete
on quality

Siti Rashidah Mohd Nasir @ copyright -

Aug 2004
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Types of Task Relationships
 FS – Finish Start

Finish Start

• SS – Start Start

Start Start

• FF – Finish Finish

Finish Finish23
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 Logical relationship in Precedence is

more flexible and versatile compared to
CPM.
 In CPM, logical relationship shows that an
activity must be completed before you
can proceed with the following activities.
Only F-S relationships.
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Forward & Backward Calculation

 Forward pass
 Determine ES & EF.

 Backward pass
 Determine LS & LF.
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Advantages of Precedence
Diagram Over CPM
 No usage of Dummy.
 Ease of changing logic and adding additional
activities.
 Planning could be done with less activities.
 Code or activity number need not be changed
when logic was to be changed.
 Permits other relationships such as FF and SS
whereby CPM only does FS relationship.
 Allow for time lag quantities.
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CONTINUOUS PRECEDENCE
DIAGRAM

Continuous PD
 A continuous duration means that once
an activity begins, it must be worked on
continuously until it is finished.
Q.1
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TRY THIS
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FORWARD
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BACKWARD
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CRITICAL PATH
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Float Calculation

 Total Float (TF)

 Same as CPM calculation for TF
 Late Start – Early Start (LS – ES)
OR
 Late Finish – Early Finish (LF – EF)
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TOTAL FLOAT (LS-ES) @ (LF-EF)
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Float Calculation

 Free Float (FF)

 For FF calculation, there is no single
formula to calculate FF.
 Reason being that there are 4
relationships in the Precedence Diagram
Method (PDM).
 Based on the Lowest Float of relationship
with successor.
 Therefore, each relationship going to
successors are evaluated.
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Float (or Slack)
•Total Float – the total amount of time that a
scheduled activity (or milestone) may be delayed or
extended without delaying the project end date or
violating a schedule constraint. (LS-ES @ LF-EF)

•Free Float – the amount of time that a scheduled

activity (or milestone) can be delayed without
delaying the start of the next activity in the network.
(ES act B – EF act A)
•Negative Float – the amount of time that by which a
critical activity (or milestone) misses a required date.

40
Q.3

B FF=3
FS
5 =2
G
SS=4 E 10
3

C I
A
6 5
2

SS=3 F H
8 2
D
4

FF=6
Q.4

2 B 7 FF=3
FS
5 =2
5 G 15
SS=4 9 E 12 10
3

2 C 8
18
I 23

0 A 2
6 5
2

SS=3 8 F 16 16
H 18

8 2
4 D8
4

FF=6
Q.4

2 B 7 FF=3
FS
5 5 10
=2
5 G 15
SS=4 9 E 12 10
8 18
12 3 15
18 23

2 C 8 I
0 A 2
5
0 2 2 5 6 18 23

11

SS=3 8 F 16 16
H 18

8 8 16 2
16 18
4 D8
4 4 8

FF=6
Q.3

B FF=3
FS
5 =2
G
SS=4 E 10
3

C I
A
6 5
2

SS=3 F H
8 2
D
4

FF=6
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Q.6 Factory Project Foundation

Activity Precedence Duration Constraints

Precedence Relationship
Establish site (A) - 10 - -

Site clearance A 6 A SS6

(B) FF
Piling (C) B 10 B SS4
FF6
Pile cap & C 8 C SS6
ground beam (D) FF2

Represent the above table in a Precedence Diagram.

* Calculate the ES, EF, LS, LF, TF & FF for each activities.
* Assume working days are from Monday to Saturday. Sunday
will be an off day. Public holiday will remain as working day.
* Project will begin on 1/ 7/ 2009.
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Q. 7 FACTORY PROJECT

ACTIVITIES PRECEDENCE DURATION CONSTRAINTS

PRECEDENCE RELATIONSHIP
Set up site (A) - 5 - -
Site clear (B) A 6 A SS2
FF3
Drainage con (C) A 4 - -
Piling (D) B 8 B SS4
FF4
Main Drainage (E) C 8 - -
Caps & g/beam (F) D 10 D SS5
FF4
G. Flr drainage (G) E, B 10 E SS4
FF3
Erect steel work(H) F 5 - -
Grd Flr Slab(I) G, H 8 - -