Pre se n ta ti n o n i d u stri l o n a training at

(at vaishali nagar , jaipur)

BY: AMITOSH MISHRA Roll no 08EAYEC007 IV- ECE (VII-SEM)

Contents
Introduction to TATA TELESERVICES Overview of cellular system Concept of multiple access CDMA technology Spread Spectrum Technology Features of CDMA

Fading Near far problem Power control Frequency Allocation Soft Handoff Conclusion

vTata Teleservices spearheads the Tata Groups presence in the telecom sector. v vIt is one of 90 companies of TATA GROUP. v vIt started its operation by acquiring HUGHES TELECOM of Maharashtra in 1996. vThey have 85 million customers with infra of 45000 towers and have pan-India presence in all 22 telecom circles. vThe company's network has been rated as the 'Least Congested' in India for six consecutive quarters by the TRAI.

Introduction: Overview of Cellular systems

Evolution of Cellular Systems

3rd. Generation (2000s) 2nd. Generation (1990s) 1st.Generation (1980s)
Analog Digital Based on digital communication system. Developed for voice and slower data transfer. (GSM) general system of mobile communication Data transfer rates upto 2mbps or more. Single unified worldwide standard

Analog communication system were used. Such as TACS, NMT, AMPS.

Multiple Access Methods

Multiple Access Methods

Base Station

Forward link Reverse link Mobile Station

Mobile Station

Mobile Station

Mobile Station

Various technique of multiple access.

Various technique of multiple access

FDMA Overview
Fre qu en cy

C B

f2 f1 f0

B A

Time

TDMA Overview

A B C Time
C B A C B A C B A C B A

f0

Fre qu en cy

What is CDMA ?
spread spectrum Base-band Spectrum Code B Radio Spectrum

B
B

Code A

A
A

Code A

C A

B A

B A

CB

C B

Sender

Time

Receiver

Fr eq

ue nc y

Summary of Multiple Access

FDMA

power

power

ti m e

cy uen q fre

TDMA

ti m e

cy uen q fre

CDMA

power

tim

y enc u req

Spread Spectrum Technology

How to spread spectrum...

Power Density

Direct Sequence (DS)

user data
TIME Modulation Modulation (primary modulation) (primary modulation)
Baseband Frequency

data rate

spreading sequence (spreading code)

Spreading Spreading (secondary (secondary modulation) modulation)

Power Density

10110100

Radio Frequency

T x

Feature of SS
Privacy, Security
Power Density Power Density Power Density

Power density of SS-signals could be lower than the noise density.

Noise Radio Frequency Radio Frequency Base-band Frequency

transmitted SS-signal

received signal

dedemodulator modulator

With correct code (and carrier frequency), data can be detected.

Noise

With incorrect code (or carrier frequency), SS-signal itself cannot be detected.

Power Density
Base-band Frequency

Features of CDMA

Mobile Propagation Environment Multi-path Fading

Power

multi-path propagation

path-1 path-2 path-3

Path Delay

path-2

path-1

path-3 Base Station (BS) Mobile Station (MS)

Power

path-1

Fading in CDMA System Because CDMA has high time-resolution, ...

path-2 path-3
Path Delay

Therefore, energy from all paths can be summed by adjusting their phases and path delays. This is a principle of RAKE receiver.
Power

different path delay of CDMA signals can be discriminated.

path-1

interference from path-2 and path-3

CDMA Receiver CODE A with timing of path-1 CDMA Receiver CODE A with timing of path-2

path-3

Synchronizati on Adder

Power

Path Delay

path-2 path-1

Power

path-2

Path Delay

Near-Far Problem
P

M S n e a r to b a se sta ti n h a ve b e tte r re ce p ti n th a n M S a t o o e n d o f ce l . l

The problem is commonly solved by dynamic output power adjustment of the transmitters.

Power Control
Open Loop Power Control Closed Loop Power Control
measuring received power estimating path loss calculating transmission power transmit decide transmission power

transmit

power control command

about 1000 times per second

measuring received power

transmit

receive

Frequency Allocation
In CDMA, identical radio resource can be used among all cells, because CDMA channels use same frequency simultaneously.

Frequency allocation in CDMA is not necessary. In this sense, CDMA cellular system is easy to be designed.

Soft Handoff
Soft Handoff :
In CDMA cellular system, communication does not break even at the moment doing handoff, because switching frequency or time slot is not required.

transmitting same signal from both BS A and BS B simultaneously to the MS

Cell B Cell A

Soft handoff : break (old cell A) after connect (new cell B)

Conclusion
CDMA

is based on the spread spectrum technique which has been used at military field. CDMA cellular system is deemed superior to the FDMA and TDMA cellular systems in terms of QOS , privacy and security. Therefore, CDMA technique is also important in radio communication systems.

ANY QUERIES ?