Teaching PPT 1 ： Brief Notes

( Chapter 1 Let’s Start )

1. What is Artificial intelligence (AI, 人工智能 )?
• AI should be able to ：

 Simulate complex functions of a human brain

 Use and understand human language

 Form concepts through learning

 Correct itself from mistakes

 Apply existing knowledge to creations

2. Turing test (圖靈測試 )
• Proposed by ‘Father of AI’, Alan Turing

• To judge whether a machine can think

2. Turing test ( 圖靈測試 )

1) The tester 2) If the tester is unable to

communicates with a distinguish whether the
person having a clear respondent is a human
mind and a machine at or a machine, that
the same time in an means the machine has
isolated area. passed the test.
3. Characteristics of AI – Five Concepts of AI

1) Perception ( 感知 )
 Receives information through sensors such as webcam
and microphones

2) Representation and reasoning ( 表示與推理 )

 Digitise the received information and do logical analysis
3. Characteristics of AI – Five Concepts of AI

3) Learning ( 學習 )
 Classify and estimate the received information, and
constantly revise
 Called ‘machine learning’ ( 機器學習 )

4) Natural interaction ( 互動 )
 Interact with humans through images, audio clips or
mechanical actions
 Example: the smart assistant of mobile phones Siri
3. Characteristics of AI – Five Concepts of AI

5) Social impact ( 社會影響 )

 Bring convenience to human lives

 Bring moral controversy, e.g. who should take

responsibility for traffic accidents involved a self-driving

system
4. Applications of AI
• Many products in our daily life adopt AI, for example:

- Self-Driving System - Smart Home

4. Applications of AI

• AI technologies generally use video cameras, location

trackers, etc., which raises issues in privacy and network
security of individuals and others

• Both users and developers need to handle them carefully

 Teaching PPT 2 ：
History of Development of AI
( Chapter 1 Let’s Start )
History of Development of AI
First Wave Second Wave Third Wave

Dartmouth Workshop: Wide Application of Developing:

The word AI first exists Expert System Machine Learning, Deep Learning

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Now

First Chatbot Development and Development Development and

Program: Universalising of and Universalising of
Eliza is created Computer Universalising Cloud Computing
Hardware of Internet
First Wave (1956 - 1974)
• In 1956, a seminar took place in Dartmouth College in
United States. The attending computer scientists and
mathematicians first proposed the word ‘Artificial
Intelligence’.

• In 1963, a professor at MIT created the first chatbot

program Eliza

 Eliza simulates a psychotherapist to talk, which makes

the user feel like talking with a human
 Search any preset keywords in the user’s question, and
then give relevant preset responds
 Cool-Down of First Wave

The speed of development and the operating ability of computer

are far behind the requirement to develop AI

Until 1980s, the development and

universalising of computer hardware
raised the study of AI again
Second Wave (1980 - 1987)
• The first Expext System ( 專家系統 ), DENDRAL, is created
by a research team from Stanford University in 1965, to use
computer, supporting with chemical knowledge, to identify
unknown chemical organic molecules

• Until 1980s, the expert system starts to widely apply in

business, which can help the company to reduce cost.
Companies from the whole world compete to adopt and
study.
Second Wave (1980 - 1987)
• Successful example of expert system ：
 One American digital equipment company introduce
XCON Expert System

 XCON ask  Reduce the

salespeople some chances that selling
key questions inappropriate  The company
goods save US$25
 Predict what millions each
customers want  Make the installing year.
 Output suitable smooth
computer setup  Raise the customers
and order satisfaction
How does a expert system work?
• Expert system is composed by many knowledge bases and reasoning
rules. The computer will simulate as expert to solve problems.

Expert System
What do you have? User
Professional
Largely input

knowledge Chicken, eggs.

Example:
Which style do you
Chinese,
like?
Western and
Japanese recipes
Japanese.

You can make Oyakodon.

Cool-Down of Second Wave

The cost of development and maintenance of expert system

is too high, and the application field is not wide enough

Until 1990s, the development and universalising of internet,

big data, cloud computing and other technologies
lead to the great development of AI
Third Wave (1993 –Now)
• AI technology like machine learning and deep learning
keeps developing. The computers become ‘smarter’ that
they can even self-learn. Programs applying AI become
more popular in our daily lives.
 Examples in daily lives:

 Smart Home  Voice assistance in smart phone

 Face unlock device  Luggage checking in airport

 Artificial customer service

 Automatic video recommendation  Self-driving system

Third Wave (1993 –Now)
• In 2016, AI program AlphaGo beat Lee Sedol in the game of
Go, that Lee has been the world champion for many times

• In some specific areas, the computers’ performance have

already exceeded the top human’s

• More AI’s achievements are yet to see

 Teaching PPT 3 ：
The Social Impact of AI
( Chapter 1 Let’s Start )
 Example 1: Road Safety and Criminal Liability
It the car needs to move forward and you are the driver,
would you turn left, or right? Why?
Students’ own answers. E.g.,
turn left to cause fewer injuries. If there is a accident,
/ turn right to protect the who has/have the
teenagers. liability?
The driver
 Example 1: Road Safety and Criminal Liability
If the car is controlled by a self-driving system and cannot brake at the
moment, which direction do you think the car would turn? Why?

Students’ own answers.

In such situation, who
E.g., since the self-driving
has/have the liability for
system is trained with
the injury(s)?
data, it may concern
about the predicted Students’ own answers.
number of possible E.g., the developer
injuries it might cause, company of the self-
and then decide which driving system / the
direction it should turn. person in the driver seat.
(There is no worldwide
standard judgement.)
The Social Impact of Self-Driving System
When injury happens Human driver Self-driving system

Different judgement for different person /

Moral discussion
system, therefore no standard answer.

Legal liability Driver Need further discusses

• Summary:
- Nations should amend the related legislations of road safety to
determine who should have the liability for the self-driving system
- The developers should keeps updating the stability of the system
to ensure the public safety
Example 2: AI Doctor in Real Situation
When you feel sick, would you like to see a human doctor
or an AI doctor? Why? Students’ own answers. E.g., I would like to see
　　　　　　　　　　　　　
a human doctor because I feel more safe. / I would like to see an AI doctor
because it work faster.
What are your
symptoms?

I suggest that ......

• Require queuing / booking • No need booking, 24-hours working

• Can interact with patient • Cannot interact with patient
• May make mistakes when tired • Will not feel tired
• Responsible for medical • Uncertain responsibility for medical
malpractice malpractice
Example 2: AI Doctor in Real Situation
Case 1:
Google AI use CT to diagnose over
6,700 lung cancer with 94% success
rate.
Case 2:
A machine model trained by
DeepMind can diagnose 90% severe
patients who need dialysis in 48
hours before the onset of acute
kidney injury.

Case 3:

A medical technology platform in mainland China has launched a

project called ‘One Minute Clinic’. It allows AI to give voice, images
and text interaction, leading patients to describe their symptoms.
Then AI would provide a reference for specialist doctors.
The Social Impact of AI Medical Technology
Benefit Concern
Help the busy medical system to do triage:
•Fast scan and analyse to find out patients
Patients cannot get human cares
•Reduce doctors’ workload, solve the
understaffed problem

Work as the doctors’ ‘Second Pair of Eyes’ to If AI system makes mistake, it is

increase medical efficiency difficult to ask for the responsibility

• Summary:
- Medical system should not fully depend on the AI judgement
- Nations should legislate to regulate the AI application in
medical system, avoiding uncertainty of responsibility in
medical malpractice