Extended Service Set (ESS)

• ESS is a wireless network created by multiple access points

• Which appears to users as a single, seamless network, such as a
network covering a home or office i.e. too large for reliable coverage
by a single access point
• When configuring wireless access device, we notice a field called
Service Set ID (SSID). You have to configure all connecting devices and
Access Points (APs) in a service set to use the same SSID
• Throughput or network Throughput: the rate of successful message
delivery over a communication channel
• Two types of service sets
• Basic Service Set (BSS)
• Extended Service Set (ESS)
BSS
A BSS consists of a group of computers and one AP,
which links to a wired LAN

Advantages:
Small range network hence more secure
Devices communicate easily with each other without
any problem
AP also manages all stations within this network and
thereby making the network more portable and
manageable

Disadvantages:
BSS contains one AP therefore it does not support
mobility (free moving place)
It only provides short-range wireless communication
As BSS includes only one AP and many devices or
station, every station communicates through the
same medium. Creating problems while
transmission.
Hence limited number of devices are recommended
 ESS

An ESS consists of more than one AP. An ESS lets mobile users roam
anywhere within the area covered by multiple Aps
An access point is a device that creates a wireless local area network, or
WLAN
Wireless Simulation
• No physical links
• Configuration work is to setup – Nodes, traffic, and wireless behavior –
Nodes are responsible for queuing (and not links)
• Wireless specific attributes – Antenna type, radio propagation
• Wired links: Doesn’t play direct role – Need to define propagation delay
and bandwidth
• Wireless links: distance plays significant part – Signal strength ∝ 1/d2 –
Bandwidth is built into wireless model – Attribute datarate_ can be set for
Mac/802_11
• Default is 1Mb (NS2.35)
• Routing protocol needs to be defined
• e.g. DSDV for Adhoc routing
• required when a nodes out from a range of current node to another
node.
• Protocol choice depends upon speed of mover node
• Max range of node is defined by power level
• Attribute txPower of node-config parameter
• Value 0.28183815 corresponds to 250m
• The simulation has number of attributes to configure
• common convention - make attribute of 1 object opt
• opt(channel), opt(mac), opt(x), opt(y), …
 Creating Wireless Scenario
• Mobile node components in ns2
• Link Layer (LL),
• Interface Queue (IfQ),
• MAC layer,
• Wireless channel
• Radio parameters
• antenna,
• radio-propagation model,
• type of ad-hoc routing
Topology Creation
Config API to Create Wireless Nodes
Topology
Wireless/Radio Parameters
Node movements
Wireless Trace File Format
awk Script
Awk processing script
Simple Wireless - 2 Nodes
• New node APIs which are available as of ns-2.1b6, released January
18, 2000. If you have an earlier version of ns you must upgrade to use
these features
• To simulate a very simple 2-node wireless scenario.
• The topology consists of two mobilenodes, node_(0) and node_(1).
• The mobilenodes move about within an area whose boundary is
defined in this example as 500mX500m.
• The nodes start out initially at two opposite ends of the boundary.
• Then they move towards each other in the first half of the simulation
and again move away for the second half.
• A TCP connection is setup between the two mobilenodes.
• Packets are exchanged between the nodes as they come within hearing
range of one another.
• As they move away, packets start getting dropped.
• Begin by creating a tcl script for the wireless simulation.
• A mobilenode consists of network components like Link Layer (LL),
Interface Queue (IfQ), MAC layer, the wireless channel nodes transmit
and receive signals from etc.
Adhoc Wireless - 6 nodes
Mobile node parameter setup

DSDV: Destination sequence distance vector, it is routing

algorithm
Sublayer (Logical link control and MAC (802.3 – wired)
Interface queue (class and subclass)
Queue length
Network interface type (wirelessPhy)
Channel
Propagation type
Antenna type (360 degree type- uni, bi and omni)
Trace written… hence ON
Awk file
Node 1 and node 2 are Communicating
Here “M” indicates mobile nodes, “AGT” indicates Agent Trace, “RTR” indicates Router
Trace
Output