The document describes experiments to classify aromatic hydrocarbons through chemical tests. It explains that aromatic compounds have delocalized pi electrons and unusual stability. The tests described are: 1) nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene, 2) ignition test where aromatics burn with a sooty flame, and 3) reaction with aluminum chloride/chloroform where aromatics form characteristic colors while aliphatics do not.
The document describes experiments to classify aromatic hydrocarbons through chemical tests. It explains that aromatic compounds have delocalized pi electrons and unusual stability. The tests described are: 1) nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene, 2) ignition test where aromatics burn with a sooty flame, and 3) reaction with aluminum chloride/chloroform where aromatics form characteristic colors while aliphatics do not.
The document describes experiments to classify aromatic hydrocarbons through chemical tests. It explains that aromatic compounds have delocalized pi electrons and unusual stability. The tests described are: 1) nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene, 2) ignition test where aromatics burn with a sooty flame, and 3) reaction with aluminum chloride/chloroform where aromatics form characteristic colors while aliphatics do not.
• Aromatic compounds are ring structures with unusual
stability due to delocalized pi electron density that is shared between all of the carbon atoms in the ring.
• Most aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring.
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
• Benzene, C6H6, contains a flat ring of six carbon atoms
joined by bonds which are intermediate in character between single and double bonds. The benzene ring is usually indicated by AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
• Aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds in which all
ring atoms participate in a network of ππ bonds, resulting in unusual stability.
• Aromatic compounds are less reactive than alkenes,
making them useful industrial solvents for nonpolar compounds. • To know the different chemical test of aromatic hydrocarbons. Learning Outcomes • To Show the chemical equations involved in classifying tests. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A. Test for Aromaticity
Aromaticity is a property of conjugated
cycloalkenes in which the stabilization of the molecule is enhanced due to the ability of the electrons in the pi orbitals to delocalize. A.1. Nitration of Benzene
• Nitration happens when one (or more) of the
hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring is replaced by a nitro group, NO2.
• Benzene is treated with a mixture of concentrated
nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. A.1. Nitration of Benzene
• The mixture is held at this temperature for about
half an hour. Yellow oily nitrobenzene is formed.
Benzene Nitric acid Nitrobenzene
A.1. Nitration of Benzene
• The mixture is held at this temperature for about
half an hour. Yellow oily nitrobenzene is formed.
Nitrobenzene B. Ignition Test
• Most hydrocarbons burn over a flame since carbon
and hydrogen react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. B. Ignition Test
• The ignition test was performed in essence that
high carbon to hydrogen ratio equates to high luminosity. A high degree of luminosity accounts for the luminous flame, an orange flame which may produce soot. B. Ignition Test
• Aromatic compounds, such as benzene and toluene
(refer to figure 4), burn with sooty flame due to incomplete combustion causing the formation of an unburned carbon.
• Complete combustion is indicated by a non-
luminous flame which is a blue flame. It produces more heat than light; hence the carbon is completely oxidized. TEST SAMPLES OBSERVATION Benzene No soot Hexane Formation of soot Aniline Formation of soot Phenol Formation of soot C. Reaction with Aluminum Chloride/ Chloroform
• An alkyl group can be added to a benzene molecule by an
electrophile aromatic substitution reaction called the Friedel‐Crafts alkylation reaction.
Benzene Chloroform Triphenylmethane
C. Reaction with Aluminum Chloride/ Chloroform
• Benzene reacts at room temperature with a chloroalkane
(for example, chloromethane or chloroform) in the presence of aluminum chloride as a catalyst.
Benzene Chloroform Triphenylmethane
C. Reaction with Aluminum Chloride/ Chloroform
• Aromatic compounds and their derivatives usually
give characteristic colors when they come into contact with a mixture of aluminum chloride and chloroform. Generally, nonaromatic compounds do not produce a color on the AlCl3. C. Reaction with Aluminum Chloride/ Chloroform
These color effects may be summarized as follows:
Compound Class Color
Benzene derivatives Orange to red Naphthalene Blue Biphenyl or phenanthrene Purple Anthracene Green TEST SAMPLES COLOR REACTION Benzene orange Toluene orange Chlorobenzene orange Hexane - Thank you!