Igneous

Processes
Prepared by; Ms. Trishia Pascual
 Intrusive and
Extrusive Rock?
Fine-Grained Extrusive, Or
Volcanic, Igneous Rocks.
 Lava cools quickly on the surface of the earth and forms tiny microscopic
crystals.
 often vesicular, filled with holes from escaping gas bubbles.
 Volcanism is the process in which lava is erupted. Depending on the
properties of the lava that is erupted, the volcanism can be drastically
different, from smooth and gentle to dangerous and explosive. This leads
to different types of volcanoes and different volcanic hazards.
 Coarse-Grained Intrusive, Or
Plutonic
 magma that cools slowly below the earth’s surface forms larger crystals
which can be seen with the naked eye also called plutonism.
 This relationship between cooling rates and grain sizes of the solidified
minerals in igneous rocks is important for interpreting the rock’s geologic
history.
 When magma forces itself into cracks, breaks off pieces of rock, and then
envelops them, this is called stopping. The resulting fragments are called
xenoliths.
 Plutons can have different shapes and different relationships with the
surrounding country rock.
Plutons
 Magma forms other volcanic structures that can be identified.
Types of Plutons
1. Batholith
 a large irregular discordant intrusion
 Hardened magma that forms the cores of many mountain ranges
 Types of Plutons
2. Chonolith
 an irregularly-shaped
intrusion with a
demonstrable base
 Types of Plutons
3. Cupola
 a dome-shaped projection
from the top of a large
subterranean intrusion
 Types of Plutons
4. Dike
 a relatively narrow
tabular discordant body,
often nearly vertical
 Magma cools inside a
fracture in the Earth’s
Crust.
 Types of Plutons
5. Laccolith
 concordant body with roughly flat
base and convex top, usually with
a feeder pipe below
 Goes into layers horizontally, but
stiff magma unable to spread from
a sill, it pushes the land up to form
a dome
Types of Plutons
6. Lopolith
 concordant body with
roughly flat top and a
shallow convex base,
may have a feeder dike
or pipe below
 Types of Plutons
7. Phacolith
 a concordant lens-shaped
pluton that typically occupies
the crest of an anticline or
trough of a syncline
 Types of Plutons
8. Volcanic Pipe or Volcanic
 tubular roughly vertical body that
Neck
may have
volcano
been a feeder vent for a

 Plug of hardened magma left in

the vent.
 Cone is completely eroded
 Types of Plutons
9. Sill
 a relatively thin tabular
concordant body intruded
along bedding planes.
 Magma goes into rock layers
horizontally and hardens.
 Types of Plutons
10. Stock
 A smaller irregular
discordant intrusive
 Hardened magma
exposed at the surface
due to erosion
Types of Plutons
11. Boss
 a small stock
Types of Plutons
Types of Plutons
Types of Plutons
Volcanism
 Volcanism
 A volcano is an opening or rupture in the earth’s surface that allows magma
(hot liquid and semi-liquid rock), volcanic ash and gases to escape.
 A volcanic eruption is when lava and gas are released from a volcano—
sometimes explosively.
 Volcanism
 Most volcanoes are interplate volcanoes. Interplate volcanoes
are located at active plate boundaries created by volcanism at
mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and continental rifts.
 Most volcanism on Earth occurs on the ocean floor along mid-
ocean ridges, a type of divergent plate boundary

 Intraplate volcanism is volcanism that takes place away

from the margins of tectonic plates.
 Volcanism
 The diverging and thinning oceanic plates allow hot mantle
rock to rise, releasing pressure and causing decompression
melting. Ultramafic mantle rock, consisting largely of
peridotite, partially melts and generates magma that is basaltic.

 It makes almost all volcanoes on the ocean floor are

basaltic.
 Volcanism
 When basaltic lava erupts underwater it emerges in small
explosions and/or forms pillow-shaped structures called pillow
basalts.
 Volcanism
 When basaltic lava erupts underwater it emerges in small
explosions and/or forms pillow-shaped structures called pillow
basalts.
How living organisms survive
in the deep ocean ?
 These seafloor eruptions enable entire underwater
ecosystems to thrive in the deep ocean around mid-ocean
ridges.
 Chemosynthesis
 conversion of inorganic
carbon-containing
compounds into organic
matter such as sugars and
amino acids.
 Chemosynthesis
 Certain bacteria are able
to turn hydrogen sulfide
(H2S), a gas that smells
like rotten eggs, into life-
supporting nutrients and
water.
 Hotspots
 main source of intraplate
volcanism.
 occur when lithospheric plates
glide over a hot mantle plume,
an ascending column of solid
heated rock originating from
deep within the mantle.
 Hotspots
 main source of intraplate
volcanism.
 occur when lithospheric plates
glide over a hot mantle plume,
an ascending column of solid
heated rock originating from
deep within the mantle.
 Hotspots
 main source of intraplate
volcanism.
 occur when lithospheric plates
glide over a hot mantle plume,
an ascending column of solid
heated rock originating from
deep within the mantle.
Volcanic Landforms
SHIELD VOLCANO - largest volcanoes
- characterized by broad low-angle flanks, small vents at the top,
and mafic magma chambers.
- They are typically associated with hotspots, mid-ocean ridges, or
continental rifts with rising upper mantle material.
- The low-angle flanks are built up slowly from numerous low-
viscosity basaltic lava flows that spread out over long distances.
- The basaltic lava erupts effusively, meaning the eruptions are
small, localized, and predictable.
Volcanic Landforms
Pahoehoe - might come from low-viscosity lava that flows easily
into ropey strands.
Aa - is more viscous and has a crumbly blocky appearance.
Volcanic Landforms
STRATOVOLCANO - also called a composite cone volcano
- has steep flanks, a symmetrical cone shape, distinct crater, and
rises prominently above the surrounding landscape
- The term composite refers to the alternating layers of pyroclastic
fragments like ash and bombs, and solidified lava flows of varying
composition.
- Examples include Mount Rainier in Washington state and Mount
Fuji in Japan.
Volcanic Landforms
LAVA DOMES - are accumulations of silica-rich volcanic rock,
such as rhyolite and obsidian.
- Too viscous to flow easily, the felsic lava tends to pile up near
the vent in blocky masses.
- Lava domes often form in a vent within the collapsed crater of a
stratovolcano, and grow by internal expansion.
Volcanic Landforms
CALDERA - are steep-walled, basin-shaped depressions formed
by the collapse of a volcanic edifice into an empty magma chamber.
- Calderas are generally very large, with diameters of up to 25 km
(15.5 mi). The term caldera specifically refers to a volcanic vent;
however, it is frequently used to describe a volcano type. Caldera
volcanoes are typically formed by eruptions of high-viscosity felsic
lava having high volatiles content.
Volcanic Landforms
CINDER CONE - are small volcanoes with steep sides, and made
of pyroclastic fragments that have been ejected from a pronounced
central vent.
- The small fragments are called cinders and the largest are
volcanic bombs.
- The eruptions are usually short-lived events, typically consisting
of mafic lavas with a high content of volatiles.
Volcanic Landforms
FLOOD BASALTS - A rare volcanic eruption type, unobserved in
modern times.
- Flood basalts are some of the largest and lowest viscosity types
of eruptions known. They are not known from any eruption in
human history, so the exact mechanisms of eruption are still
mysterious.
Volcanic Landforms
CARBONATITES - Arguably the most unusual volcanic activity
are carbonatite eruptions.
- Only one actively erupting carbonatite volcano exists on Earth
today, Ol Doinyo Lengai, in the East African Rift Zone of Tanzania.
PREVIOUS WORK
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 THE METHOD
First meeting First review
Description Description

Budget First results Final

Description Description Description
review
 THE BRAND
Mission
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 QUOTES
"Larana´s work is based in giving
our clients the best of us."
Olivia Wilson
TESTIMONIALS
Korina Villanueva
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