Tutorial Cell Division

3.
0 CELL
DIVISION
BY : MDM. NURFAZLINI ISMAIL
1
celldivision/faz/2020
3.2 MITOSIS
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
• Describe the four stages of mitosis and the behaviour of the
chromosome for each stage. (T)
• Describe briefly the cytokinesis process in animal and plant cell (T)
• Compare the cell division in animal and plant. (T)
celldivision/faz/2020 2
MITOSIS
• Process of cell division that produces two daughter cells that are
identical to each other and to the parent cell.
• Continuous sequence of events that occur after interphase results in
the separation of the sister chromatids.
• Contain same heredity information
• Mitosis involves the following phases :
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
Mitosis : Prophase
•Nuclear envelope and nucleolus
disintegrates
•Chromosomes condense become
shorten and thicken (visible).
•Two sister chromatids are attached at
the centromere
•Spindle fibres/ microtubules begin to
form
•Aster begin to form celldivision/faz/2020 4
Mitosis : Metaphase
• Chromosomes arranged themselves
on the equatorial/ metaphase plate
• Kinetochore forms at the
centromere/ centrosome move to
opposite poles
• Microtubule/ spindle fibres attach to
kinetochore
Each chromatids has develops a protein kinetochore at its centromere.
Interact with those from the

opposite pole of the cell.
Attach to kinetochore so that one

sister chromatids is attach to one
pole and one to another pole.
Importance for separation of
sister chromatids
Mitosis : Anaphase
• The centromeres split
• Shortening of the spindle fibers
causes the sister chromatids to
separate and migrate to
opposite poles.
Mitosis : Telophase
• Chromosomes reach poles
of cell.
• Spindle fiber continue to
elongate, preparing cell for
cytokinesis.
• Nuclear membrane reforms
around the group of
chromosomes at each pole
Chromosomes uncondensed into
chromatin that permits gene
expression
Nucleolus reforms in each new

nucleus because the early genes
expressed are the rRNA genes.
Telophase end when cytokinesis is

complete when two daughter cell
are produced.
Mitosis is complete at the end of

the telophase celldivision/faz/2020 12
Cytokinesis
• Division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division resulting in
the formation of independent daughter cell with identical nucleus.
• Usually begins before nuclear division is complete at the later stage
of anaphase or telophase.
• Cytoplasmic organelles including mitochondria and chloroplast ( if
present) are re assorted to area that will separated and become the
daughter cell.
• In animal cell (in other eukaryotes that lack cell wall)
• Occur by a process known as cleavage.
• The first sign of cleavage is the appearance of cleavage furrow.
(begins as a shallow growth in the cell surface).
• Plant has cell wall that prevent the formation cleavage furrow.
• Occur by the formation of cell plate.
Cleavage Furrow
• Cleavage occurs through furrowing
• Where the membrane is pulled inwards
by the cytoskeleton
• A shallow groove is formed in the cell
surface near metaphase plate
• A contractile ring forms on the ring
contract
• Reducing the diameter of the ring
• Cells are completely separated / two
cells are formed celldivision/faz/2020 15
Cell Plate
• Plant cell forms vesicles inside the
Vesicles
cell. forming
Wall of
parent cell
cell plate
• The vesicles enlarge and fuse to Cell plate New cell wall
form a cell plate.

• Cell plate forms across the midline /
equatorial of the cell.
• Forming two membranes which
grow laterally and unite with existing Daughter cells
membranes forming two plant cells (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)
• A new cell wall forms between the
membranes
Differences between mitosis in plant
and animal cell
Animal cell Plant cell
Involve aster or spindle formation Do not form centriole and lack

centriole.
Cytokinesis occur by the Cytokinesis occur by the growth of
constriction of microtubule forming a cell plate through the fusion of
cleavage furrow. vesicle.
Significance Of Mitosis
• Genetic stability
• Mitosis produce two nuclei which have the same number of
chromosome as the parent cell.
• Daughter cell are genetically identical to the parent and no
variation in genetic information.
• This result in genetic stability within population of cell derived
from the same parental cell.
• Regeneration
• Some animal are able to regenerate whole part of the body.
• Asexual reproduction
• Mitosis is the basis of asexual reproduction the production of new
individual of a species by one parent organism.
• Growth
• The number of cell within organism increase by mitosis and this is
the basis of growth in multicellular organism.
• Cell replacement
• Replacement of cells and tissue involve mitosis.
3.3 MEIOSIS
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
• Explain the behaviour of the chromosomes at each stage (T)
Interphase
• Preceded the meiosis.
• Chromosomes replicate during S phase but remain uncondensed –
chromatin
• Each replicated chromosome
• two genetically identical sister chromatids connected at the
centromere.
• The centrosome replicates forming two centrosomes.
Meiosis I : Prophase I
• The longest phase of meiosis.
• This phase can be divided into 5 stage:
• Leptotene – chromosome condense become shorten and thicken
• Zygotene – synapsis occurs where homologous chromosomes
line side by side
• Pachytene – crossing over occurs
• Diplotene – Desynapsis (separation of homologous
chromosomes) begins
• Diakinesis – movement of centrosome/centriole to opposite poles
complete, formation of spindle fibres.
• Chromosome seen as chromatin / fine thread.
• Chromosomes thicken and shortens during leptotene stage.
• Synapsis occur/ pairing of homologous chromosomes during zygotene
stage.
• Forming bivalents/ tetrads // each chromosome consist of two chromatids.
• Non-sister chromatids overlap forming a cross over (crossing over occur)
and remain attached to chiasmata during pachytene stage.
• Centromere of homologous chromosomes align in pairs.
Meiosis I : Metaphase I
• Bivalent / pair of homologous hold
together by chiasmata have move
towards the metaphase plate /
equator of the spindle.
• The bivalents / pair of homologous
chromosomes become arranged
around the equator / metaphase plate
of the spindle.
• Spindle fiber / microtubules are attach the kinetochore of
centromere.
• Bivalent independently align themselves at the metaphase plate of
the spindle.
• This means that all possible combination of chromosome can occur
in daughter cell.
• 2n = possible chromosome orientation where
n = chromosome pairs.
• Each orientation produces gametes with different combinations of
parental chromosomes.
Meiosis I : Anaphase I
• The tetrad/ homologous
chromosomes separate.
• Each chromosomes begin migrating
towards the opposite poles pulled by
the spindle fibres.
• Each chromosomes still in form of
sister chromatids which are attached
at the centromere.
• Crossing over will produce new
genetic recombinant.
• Because of the random orientation of homologous chromosomes on
metaphase plate, a pole may receive either maternal or paternal
homologue from each chromosome pair.
• As a result, the genes on different chromosomes assort
independently.
• Meiosis I results in independent assortment of maternal and
paternal chromosomes into the gametes.
Meiosis I : Telophase I
• The arrival of homologous
chromosomes at opposite poles
marks the ends of meiosis I.
• Halving of chromosome number has
occurred but the chromosomes are
still composed of two chromatids.
• Spindle fiber usually disappear and nuclear membrane forms
around each group of homologous.
• The cell begin to cleave (cytokinesis begin).
• After complete cytokinesis two daughter cell form, each with
different chromosome because of crossing over.
• These daughter cells will undergo meiosis II.
Interkinesis
• Is similar to interphase between mitotic division except that DNA
replication does not occur.
• Division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis) occur forming two daughter cells.
• Cleavage furrow forms in animal cell and cell plate appear in plant
cell.
• No DNA synthesis occurs, chromosomes do not replicate.
• Chromosomes usually decondense in which they must recondense
during Meiosis II.
MEIOSIS II
• Splitting the sister chromatids from meiosis I.
• Interphase II present usually in animal cell and varies in length
where no DNA replication occurs.
• Resembles mitosis
• The number of chromosomes in each dividing nucleus has already
half in meiosis I, the resulting daughter cells are haploid.
• The products are four haploid daughter cells at the end of meiosis II.
Meiosis II : Prophase II
• Chromosome condense.
• The nucleoli and nuclear envelopes disperse
• The chromatids shorten and thicken.
• Centrioles, if present move to opposite poles of the cells and in the
end of prophase II new spindle fibers appear.
• They are arranged at right – angles to the spindle of meiosis I.
Meiosis II : Metaphase II
• Spindle fibre attach to centromeres.
• Chromosome (sister chromatids) align along metaphase plate.
Meiosis II : Anaphase II
• The centromeres divide and the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to
opposites poles.
• Becoming daughter chromosome that have only one chromatid.
• Daughter chromosome move toward the opposite poles.
Meiosis II : Telophase II
• Nuclear envelope reform.
• The chromosomes uncoiled, lengthen and become very indistinct.
• The spindle fibres disappear and the centrioles replicate.
• Cytokinesis begin.
Significance Of Meiosis
• Meiosis leads to increased variation because:
• When the haploid cells fuse at fertilization there is recombination
of parental genes.
• During metaphase I, homologous chromosomes are together at
the equator of the spindle, but they separate into daughter cells
independently of each other.
• Chiasmata and crossing-over can separate and rearrange genes
located on the same chromosome.
Significance Of Meiosis :
Independent Assortment of Homologous Chromosome
• Independent assortment of chromosomes.
• Orientations of bivalents at the equator of the spindle in
metaphase I are random.
• The more bivalents there are, the more variation is possible.
• Independent assortment refers to the fact that the bivalents line
up independently and therefore the chromosomes in each
bivalent separate independently of those bivalents during
anaphase I.
• Results in new genetic combinations being produced.
• Basis of Mendel’s Second Law
Crossing Over Between Homologous Chromosome
• During pachytene in prophase I of meiosis I, the formation of
chiasmata allows crossing over to occur between the chromatids of
the homolohous chromosomes.
• As a result of chiasmata, crossing overs of segments of chromatids
occur between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
• Leading to the formation of new combinations of genes on the
chromosomes of the gametes.
Random Fertilization of Haploid Gametes
Halving the chromosome number ensures that when gametes with the
haploid number fuse to form a zygote the normal diploid number is restored
Compare And Contrast Between Meiosis And Mitosis
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Occurs in soma cell. Occurs in gametes cells (ovaries in
females and testes in males)
Conserves chromosome number Reduces the chromosome number
(2n) replicated chromosomes. by half (n) non-replicated
chromosomes.
By the end of prophase, no Synapsis occurs to form bivalent at
synapsis occur to form bivalent. the homologous chromosomes
during prophase I
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
No chiasma so there is no Some chiasma occurs during
crossing over. crossing over. Genetic variability is
a result from the crossing over.
The contain of genetic in The contain of genetic in daughter
daughter cell is identical in cell is no identical as the parental
parental cells. cell.
Two daughter cells each diploid Four daughter cells each haploid
(2n) (n)
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Cytokinesis occurs once. Cytokinesis occurs once or twice.
The daughter cell can produces The daughter cell can produces
mitosis. mitosis but not meiosis.

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3.

Interact with those from the

Attach to kinetochore so that one

Nucleolus reforms in each new

Telophase end when cytokinesis is

Mitosis is complete at the end of

form a cell plate.

Involve aster or spindle formation Do not form centriole and lack

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