PRESENTATION ON THE

COMPUTER SYSTEM HARDWARE

  TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
3. FUNCTION OF CPU
4. ALU
5. REGISTERS
6. MEMORY UNIT
7. CACHE MEMORY
8. PRIMARY MEMORY
9. MICROPROCESSOR
10. CISC
11. RISC
12. INTERCONNECTING THE UNITS OF COMPUTER
13. Components inside the computer cabinet
  INTRODUCTION:
The system which is a combination of hardware and software is called computer system. Computer
system consists of input devices, processing devices, storage devices and output devices. Thus computer
system is a collection of different components which are combined each other to get certain objective. In
other words, it is defined as combination of input unit, central processing unit (CPU), output unit and
other parts.
  CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT:
The processing unit which performs different types of mathematical and logical operations and which
control all the devices connected with it is called central processing unit. The processor is also called
Brain of computer system which is a special kind of Integrated Circuit(IC) and which may be
programmed and applied to wide range of applications .The CPU is linked with different peripherals
equipment ,including ,INPUT’OUTPUT devices and auxiliary storage and primary storage. The CPU is
attached on the main circuit board, called the mother board in a micro computer. A central processing
unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer that interprets
computer program instructions and processes data. CPUs provide the fundamental digital computer trait
of programmability, and are one of the necessary components found in computers of any era, along with
primary storage and input/output facilities. A CPU that is manufactured as a single integrated circuit is
usually known as a microprocessor. The phrase “central processing unit” is a description of a certain
class of logic machines that can execute computer programs
  FUNCTION OF CPU:
 Reads instructions from computer.
 Communicate with all peripherals using the system bus.
 It controls the sequence of instructions.
 It controls the flow of data from one component to other component.
 Performs the computer task specified in the program.
The CPU has three components responsible for different functions ,these
components are :
• Control unit
• ALU
• Memory unit
  ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC
UNIT(ALU):
The arithmetic and logic unit or ALU  is another part of the central processing
unit whose functions is to carry out arithmetic or logical operations .The
arithmetic operations may be addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division(+,-,×,÷ ) and Logical operations are comparisons operations such as
logical test for less than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, not equal
to, greater than, or equal to (<,≤, ≥, ≠, >,=) on integer(whole numbers) and real
numbers(with decimal point) operand. This unit consist special temporary
components register to store its result and at last send to memory.
  CONTROL UNIT:
The control unit is a part of central processing unit of a computer that
coordinated all the function of computer system. It is responsible for execution
of instructions of program. Control unit acts as a central nervous system for the
other components of the computer. It manages and coordinates the entire
computer system, including the input and output units. It obtains instructions
from the program stored in the main memory, interprets the instructions and
issue signals, which cause other units of the system to execute them. It consists
of special type of register to hold the current instruction and next instruction to
be executed.
  REGISTERS:
Registers are the high speed temporary storage locations in the CPU made from
electronic devices such as transistors,flipflops etc.These are high speed storage
areas within the CPU but have the least storage capacity.Registors store
data,instructions,addresses and intermediate results of processing.They are often
referred to as the CPU’s working memory.These are the part of control unit and
ALU rather than of memory.Hence their contents can be handled much faster
than the contents of memory.
  MEMORY UNIT:
The unit which is used to store data, information, programs and its instruction
either temporarily or permanently is called memory unit. But the CPU consists
of special memory. The memory unit consists of cache memory and primary
memory. RAM and ROM are primary memory. In addition to the main
memory ,there is another kind of storage device known as secondary memory.It
is non volatile and used for permanent storage of data and programs.
  CACHE MEMORY:
Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-speed
data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs, applications and
data. A temporary storage of memory, cache makes data retrieving easier and more efficient.
It is the fastest memory in a computer and is typically integrated onto the motherboard and
directly embedded in the processor or main random-access memory (RAM). Cache memory
provides faster data storage and access by storing instances of programs and data routinely
accessed by the processor. Thus, when a processor requests data that already has an instance
in the cache memory, it does not need to go to the main memory or the hard disk to fetch the
data. Cache memory is the fastest memory available and acts as a buffer between RAM and
the CPU. The processor checks whether a corresponding entry is available in the cache every
time it needs to read or write a location, thus reducing the time required to access
information from the main memory.
  PRIMARY MEMORY:
Primary memory is computer memory that a processor or computer accesses first or directly.
It allows a processor to access running execution applications and services that are
temporarily stored in a specific memory location .Primary memory is also known as primary
storage or main memory. Primary memory is a computer system's volatile storage
mechanism. It may be random access memory (RAM), cache memory or data buses, but is
primarily associated with RAM.
As soon as a computer starts, primary memory loads all running applications, including the
base operating system (OS), user interface and any user-installed and running software utility.
A program/application that is opened in primary memory interacts with the system processor
to perform all application-specific tasks.
Primary memory is considered faster than secondary memory.
  MICROPROCESSOR:
A microprocessor is the controlling unit of a computer made up of a small chip
capable of operations and communication purposes. This small chip is known as the
CPU which is microprocessors. It consists of ALU, Control Unit, and registers. This
works on the instruction set and the cycle of processing. They are classified as:
• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
CISC chips have a larger set of complex instructions. This needs multiple numbers of instruction cycles for execution. It
works on the fetch and execution cycle which is a combination of a register to register transfer functions. It has the ability to
execute addressing modes or multi-step operations within one instruction set. The CISC memory reads and writes operations from
the integral part for execution. Because of frequent memory references, there is a reduction in the speed of the CISC machine.
Earlier, the CISC machine did not have the concept of pipelining. It has a variable-length instruction format. For general purpose,
where the speed of the processors is not the primary importance, there is the use of CISC machines because of their low cost and
affordability.

 Advantages:
• They are less expensive than hardwiring a control unit and also are easy to implement.
• Only fewer instructions are needed to accomplish the execution of a program.
• It does not make the compiler complicated.
 DISADVANTAGES:
• The chip hardware is complex to use.
• However, there is a need for only fewer instructions, they are longer
and take more time for execution.
  REDUCED INSTRUCTION
SET COMPUTER (RISC)

They are also the microprocessors designed to perform instructions at a higher speed. The
CISC used complex assembly language instructions, which slowed down the compiler so
RISC was evolved. So this contains simper instructions due to which RISC requires less no. of
transistors. These are short and simple so it can be executed in a single instruction cycle. RISC
cuts down on the number and complexity of instructions so that each one can be accessed and
executed faster, and fewer semiconductors are required to process them.
There is no micro-program in RISC for interpreting the instructions. It has an efficient
instruction pipeline. As soon as it completes one stage of the cycle, it proceeds with the second
stage. That is why; it is called functioning in a pipeline manner. By overlapping the execution,
RISC achieves execution parallelism.
 Advantages:
•  The execution time is faster than CISC.
•  It does not require complex hardware.
•  It uses fewer instructions per task.
 Disadvantages:
• The instruction schedule makes debugging difficult.
• It requires large memory caches to feed instructions.
• Intermixing of machine language makes it hard to read.
  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CISC AND
RISC:
1. It has an emphasis on hardware. 1. It has importance on software.

It requires transistors for storing complex

2. 2. It requires transistors for memory registers.
instructions.

3. It has higher cycles per second. 3. They have lower cycles.

4. It does not have the feature of pipelining. 4. There is a pipelining feature.

5. It is slower than RISC. 5. It is faster than CISC.

6. It has complex instructions. 6. It has reduced no. of instructions.

  INTERCONNECTING THE
UNITS OF COMPUTER:
A collection of wires or pathways or channels through which signal, data memory addresses are transmitted
from one part of the computer to another is known as bus. It is also known as the communication pathway, which
connects all the internal computer components to the CPU and main memory and I/O devices. In other
words ,the bus is the channel, which lets the part of the computer, to communicate with each other. Buses
transfer data in parallel.
• Control Bus:
It is a physical connection that carries control information between he CPU and other devices within the
computer.
• Address Bus:
It is channel which transmits addresses of data from CPU to memory.
• Data Bus:
It is channel across which actual data are transferred between CPU,memory and I/O devices.
  COMPONENTS INSIDE THE
COMPUTER CABINET:
• Motherboard:
It is the most important part of the computer. It has various chips, connectors, and circuits set up on it.
RAM, HDD, hub, essential ports, optical devices, etc. are plugged into the motherboard. The
motherboard has a microprocessor also placed on it. Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) is the most
common design of motherboard for desktop computers. There are different chipset and type of
microprocessor sockets used in a motherboard. The chipset controls the majority of resources counting
bus interference with the processor, cache memory, and RAM. The processor socket is a rectangular
connector into which the processor is mounted vertically or maybe square in which it fits directly.
  BIOS:
BIOS stands for the Basic Input Output System. ROM stores it and we cannot rewrite
it. BIOS contains the instructions for starting up the computer system. It manages the
data flow between the computer’s Operating System and other input and output
devices. BIOS also performs a self-power on a test that checks the proper functioning
of hardware devices. It also requests the bootstrap loader to load the operating system
inside the memory.
CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. It is a memory chip that
follows with the BIOS. When the computer is turned off, and then turned on again, it can
display the documents again. This is because the CMOS chips save the system information in
the correct clock time. It also works after the shutting down of the computer.
  PORTS AND INTERFACES:
• Serial Port-to connect old pheripherals.
• Parallel Port-to connect old printers.
• USB Ports-to connect newer peripherals like cameras,scanners,and printers to the computer.
• VGA connector for connecting a monitor.
• Audio plugs for connecting sound speakers and the microphone.
• PS/2 port to connect mouse and keyboard into PC.
• SCSI port for connecting the hard disk drivers and network connectors.
  EXPANSION SLOTS:
The motherboard has many slots attached to it. They hold the cards for the proper
functioning of the computer. These are expansion slots. It can be a network card,
sound card, and so on. There are several types of slots. ISA (Industry Standard
Architecture) which connects input devices, PCI (peripheral Component InterConnect)
which connects sound cards and video cards, PC card that are used in the laptop
computers and include WI-FI card also.
  RIBBON CABLES:
These are cables on the components of the motherboard. These cables contain many
connecting wires inside. These move information as required. It also connects
floppies, HDDs, CD-ROM, etc.
  STORAGE DEVICES:
They are present near the motherboard inside the cabinet. Mostly used storage devices are CD,
DVD drive, Hard Disk drive, floppy drives, etc. They can store huge data.