15 MWD LWD Systems

Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING
Module – 8
Directional Drilling
Schlumberger Private
Section – 5d
MWD and LWD Systems
Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING. Module 8: Directional Drilling / Section 5d. MWD and
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LWD systems
Outline
 MWD Systems
 LWD Systems
 Drilling Tools
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LWD systems
MWD and LWD
 LWD provides formation measurements
 MWD provides drilling mechanics and survey
measurements
 It also transmits data uphole by mud pulse
telemetry
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LWD systems
Applications of MWD
 Directional Drilling
 Formation Evaluation
 Drilling Optimization
 Drilling Safety
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LWD systems
Past and Future of MWD
 Past
 Communication via metal rods to surface
 Instrumented drill pipe
 Steering tools
 Future
 Sonic Telemetry
 E-mag telemetry
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LWD systems
MWD the present
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LWD systems
Advantages and Disadvantages of Continuous Wave
 Advantages
 Higher Data rate than other systems
 Very important when geosteering or drilling very soft
formations
 Critical if have a lot of LWD tools in the string with data in real
time
 Disadvantages
 More prone to jamming
 More complex
 Generally weaker signal strength
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LWD systems
How the Pulse is Generated
Pressure
1 2
Time
3 4
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LWD systems
PowerPulse Signal Generation
Fully Closed Partially Open Fully Open
MWD Modulator
Rotor & Stator
Pressure
Time
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LWD systems
MWD Continuous Wave Telemetry
Mud Pulser and Turbine Assembly
• Reliable strong signal
• Wide flow range 250 gpm – 1600 gpm
• Long life components
• Good resistance to jamming due to solids
• LCM compatible
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LWD systems
Signal Strength
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LWD systems
Modulator Gap
 The smaller the modulator gap the larger the

amplitude of the generated wave.
 A small gap may be more prone to jamming and
erosion.
 Factors required to decide gap size:
 Flowrate
 Depth
 LCM
 Mud type
 Mud solids content
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LWD systems
MWD Systems
PowerPulse
Impulse
SlimPulse
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LWD systems
PowerPulse
 PowerPulse is the latest generation of MWD tools.
 Designed for hole sizes down to 8 1/2”
 It can measure inclination, azimuth, GTF, MTF and
formation gamma ray. And DWOB, DTOR are optional.
 It can be combined with all LWD tools
 Powered by a turbine generator
 Downlinking capabilities
 Collar sizes from 6 3/4” to 9 1/2”
 LCM tolerance: 50 ppb (medium nut plug)
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LWD systems
IMPulse
 Impulse is the smaller version of PowerPulse
 It can measure inclination, azimuth,GTF and MTF
 And incorporates the resistivity and gamma ray
measurements from the ARC 4 3/4”
 It can be combined with ADN4 (VISION475)
 Powered by a turbine generator
 It has a 2 Mbyte recording memory
 Collar size: 4 3/4”
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LWD systems
SlimPulse
 Latest retrievable and replaceable slim hole tool.
 Provides Inclination, Azimuth, MFT, GTF and GR.
 Provides cont_inc, cont_azm
 Combinable with ARC475, AIM and APWD.
 Supports flow rates from 35 to 600 gpm
 Powered by lithium batteries.
 Tool sizes are: 1 7/8” to 2 3/8”
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LWD systems
Modulation
 Modulation is the process of transferring information
signals onto a carrier wave.
 Schlumberger MWD tools currently use two types of
binary (two discrete states) modulation:
 MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)
 BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying)
 Quaternary (four discrete states) modulation is also used
 QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
 For QPSK two binary digits are grouped into one symbol.
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LWD systems
Basic Signal Concepts
 The process of encoding data into a wave has the

effect of spreading the energy of the wave across
a range of frequencies.
 The frequency at which the energy is centered is
called the Carrier Frequency.
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LWD systems
Bandwidth
 All energy detected in the bandwidth is used to
demodulate the signal, whether or not it comes
from the MWD tool.
 Bandwidth is proportional to symbol rate, the
higher the symbol rate the wider the bandwidth.
 Unwanted energy detected within the bandwidth
is referred to as noise.
 Noise may cause errors in the data being
decoded.
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LWD systems
Receiver Filters
 The receivers (Bayesian, Equalizer) use filters to pass the

wanted telemetry signal and reject unwanted noise that
appears at frequencies outside of the telemetry signal band.
 Note that noise that is present within the same frequency range
as the telemetry signal will also pass through the filter.
 Receiver filters are designed to maximize the received signal-
to-noise ratio, while keeping filter related signal distortion to a
minimum.
 Sub-optimum filter design can cause severe distortion of the
wanted signal.
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LWD systems
Signal Detection Problems
Problems associated with receiving and decoding the
signal fall into three categories.
 Low signal strength due to attenuation of the signal
 Noise within the bandwidth
 Distortion due to echoes and reflections
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LWD systems
Noise
Three sources of noise.
 Mud Pumps
 Downhole
 Electrical
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LWD systems
Pulsation Dampener
Use gauge to determine
Nitrogen filled true pre-charge
Rubber Diaphragm
Mud Flow
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LWD systems
Pump Noise Solutions
 Check that the pulsation dampener is properly

charged (2/3 pump pressure or 2000 psi).
 Stagger the stroke rates if more than one pump is
used.
 Change the stroke rate to change the frequencies.
 Use differential detection to eliminate noise.
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LWD systems
Mud Motor / Bit Noise: Solutions
 Change Flow Rates - Motor RPM

 Change Surface RPM
 Change Weight on Bit
 Change Motor
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LWD systems
Electrical Interference: Sources
 Signal on the spectrum with the pumps off

 60 or 50 Hz frequency harmonic visible
 Fluctuating baseline
 Fluctuating signal strength
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LWD systems
Electrical Interference: Reduction
 Run sensor cables away from sources of
electrical noise (power cables).
 MegOhm all SPT lines before the job.
 Ensure junction box is protected from moisture.
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LWD systems
MWD Measurements Available
- Inclination
- Azimuth
- Toolface
- Gamma Ray
- IWOB
- Performance Sensors
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LWD systems
MDI - Direction and Inclination
 The MDI contains the following electronics:

- Accelerometers
- Magnetometers
- Temperature Sensor
- D&I Calibration Board
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LWD systems
MGR - M10 Gamma Ray
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LWD systems
MWD - Performance Sensors
• PowerPulse Integrated Sensors

– MVC - Modular Vibration Chassis
– IWOB - Integrated Weight on Bit
– Valt - PowerPulse Alternator Flow
• Real-time monitor of downhole weight, torque, axial

shocks and washout detection
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LWD systems
MVC - Modular Vibration Chassis
• 4-axis shock measurement downhole

• Real-time identification of downhole conditions that reduce drilling efficiency
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LWD systems
 Vibration Measurement
Transverse Vibration
Axial Vibration
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LWD systems
 Strategies to Reduce Vibration
• Change Weight on Bit

• Change RPM - Significantly at First
• Stop Drilling
• BHA Selection
• Special Components
• Mud properties
• Hole Inclination
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LWD systems
MDC - IWOB
Electronics
Load Cells
Extender
Bull Plug
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LWD systems
IWOB - Integrated Weight on Bit
• Downhole weight on bit and torque

measurement
• Real-time identification of downhole
conditions that reduce drilling efficiency
Weight on bit Torque
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LWD systems
Bit Inclination
Measures where you are going, not where you have been.
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LWD systems
Bit Inclination Systems
ISR - Inclination at Bit SlimPulse Receiver

Provides annular pressure while drilling and at bit inclination
measurement receiver for 43/4 in. bottomhole assemblies
AIM - At-bit Inclination Measurement
Provides inclination at the bit for 57/8 in. and larger hole sizes
GST - GeoSteering Tool

Provides inclination at the bit in addition to azimuthal
resistivity and gamma ray in 83/8 in. to 97/8 in. holes
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LWD systems
Bit Inclination - ISR
Inclination at Bit SlimPulse Receiver
• SlimPulse receiver for AIM475
• Short to medium radius drilling with inclination at the bit
• Inclination measured 1 ft from the bit
• Near bit measurement and rotating stabilizer provide a

smooth “on track” wellbore
• ISR incorporates APWD to monitor ECD
• Real-time data transmitted via the SlimPulse MWD to

surface
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LWD systems
Bit Inclination - AIM
At-bit Inclination Measurement
• Inclination measured 1 ft from the bit
•Minimized time steering
• Near bit measurement and rotating stabilizer provide a smooth “on track” wellbore
• Data transmitted to MWD via wireless telemetry for transfer to surface
• Compatible with 43/4 in. to 111/4 in. PowerPak motors
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LWD systems
Bit Inclination - GST
Geosteering Tool
• At the bit inclination, azimuthal resistivity and gamma ray
measurements for 83/8 in. to 97/8 in. hole sizes
• Instrumented sub as an integral section of a PowerPak motor
• Immediate information on BHA tendency as formations are
penetrated
• Data transmitted to MWD via wireless telemetry for transfer to
surface
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LWD systems
LWD Tools
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LWD systems
Resistivity - VISION
• Antenna array of 5 transmitters and 2 receivers at 2 frequencies

produce up to 20 vertically matched depths of investigation
• Resistivity range 0.1 to 3000 ohm-m
• Azimuthal gamma ray
• Simultaneous signals transmitted at 2-MHz and 400-kHz
• Electromagnetic propagation similar to wireline induction
• All measurements are borehole compensated
• Identification and differentiation of borehole, invasion, shoulder
bed and anisotropic effects
• Anisotropy processing provides vertical and horizontal resistivities
• Combinable with VISION LWD systems to provide complete
formation evaluation logging suite
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LWD systems
Resistivity - VISION
• Multi-depths of investigation
• Deep attenuation measurement
• Borehole compensation
• Anisotropy processing
• Dynamic dielectric correction
• Invasion identification
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LWD systems
Resistivity - GeoVISION
• Focused lateral multi-depth resistivity

• Azimuthal gamma ray and shallow resistivity measurements
• Excellent vertical resolution for thin bed detection
• Accurate Rt in laterolog conditions
• Invasion profiling
• Real-time dip measurement
• Measurements independent of position in BHA
• Bit resistivity
• Real-time data transmission with MWD Telemetry
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LWD systems
• 5 individual resistivity measurements
• Bit resistivity - the bit used as a measure electrode
• Ring resistivity - a cylindrical electrode provides a

focused lateral resistivity
• Button resistivity - azimuthally focused electrodes

provide 3 depths of investigation
• Azimuthal gamma ray
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LWD systems
• Images generated from azimuthal resistivities
• Resistivities scanned 56 times per tool rotation
• Structural dips are image generated
• Measurement independent of placement in the BHA
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LWD systems
Resistivity - ARC475
Array Resistivity Compensated 475
• Formation evaluation measurements for slimholes
• Accurate Rt up to 200 ohm-m in all mud systems
• 5 transmitters and 2 receivers give up to 10 vertically matched resistivities
• Total gamma ray measurement
• Measurements for invasion profiling, geosteering and resistivity caliper
• Downhole recorded memory
• Real-time data transmission with MWD telemetry
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LWD systems
Resistivity - CDR
Compensated Dual Resistivity

• High frequency induction (2-MHz) compatible with all mud
types
• Two depths of investigation: medium (Rps) and deep (Rad)
• Compensated for borehole effects
• Phase shift resistivity vertical resolution < 18 in.
• Spectral and plateau gamma ray
• Annular pressure sensor for real-time ECD and flow
monitoring
• Downhole memory
• Real-time data transmission with MWD
• Available in 63/4 in., 81/4 in. and 91/2 in. drill collars
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LWD systems
Annular Pressure Sensor
• Real-time ECD
• Flow monitoring
• 3 pressure ranges
– 0 - 5,000 psi
– 0 - 10,000 psi
– 0 - 20,000 psi
• 0.1% accuracy
• 1 psi resolution
• Available with:
– VISION475 and VISION675
– 63/4 in., 81/4 in. and 91/2 in. CDR
– 43/4 in. ISR
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LWD systems
Accurate Control of ECD
• Detect shallow water flows
• Detect cuttings loading and swab/surge effects
• Manage the pore pressure fracture grad window
• Minimize mud weight for optimum ROP
• Key for deepwater drilling
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LWD systems
Measurements at the Bit
The first instrumented drilling tools
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LWD systems
Measurements at the Bit - GVR
Offset well
• Correlation from offset data
• Shallow gas or water indication
4Ω-m
• Identification of casing or coring points threshold
• Minimum penetration of target sands
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LWD systems
Measurements at the Bit - GST
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LWD systems
Density Neutron - VISION
Neutron Detectors
LINC Coils
• Azimuthally focused density neutron measurements
Neutron Source
• Provides density, neutron porosity, photoelectric effect and
Electronic Carrier
ultrasonic standoff
Density Source
Density Detectors
• Sector density measurements minimize borehole effects
Ultrasonic Sensor • Neutron porosity measurement corrected for environmental

effects
Batteries
• All azimuthal data can be imaged for geological
interpretation and geosteering applications
Tool Bus
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LWD systems
Neutron Detectors
• Can be run stabilized or slick

LINC Coils
Neutron Source • Compatible with all mud types across a wide range of flow
rates
Electronic Carrier
Density Source
• Wireline retrievable nuclear sources
Density Detectors
• Wireline retrievable data

Ultrasonic Sensor
• Real-time data transmission with MWD telemetry

Batteries
• Downhole recorded memory

Tool Bus
• Combinable with VISION LWD systems to provide complete

formation evaluation logging suite
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LWD systems
Retrievable sources for:
– Safe fishing operations
– Ease of abandonment
• No loss of data
Safety of personnel
• Radiation exposure minimized
• Rig crew can operate on rig floor
without exposure to radiation
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LWD systems
ISONIC: IDEAL Sonic Tool
• Realtime Delta-t provides depth

match to seismic data
• Elimination of wireline run for
delta-t information
• Realtime pore pressure trends
uneffected by clay and
formation salinity
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LWD systems
Acoustic - ISONIC
Real-time LWD options allow sonic data to be combined with density measurements. From this
combination, synthetic seismograms are computed to accurately place the drill bit on the seismic
map while drilling to identify casing and coring points.
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LWD systems
Seismic While Drilling
 Surface source w/ Downhole Surface System
receivers
Source
 Waveforms recorded in downhole
memory
MWD telemetry
 Downhole processing
 Real-time check-shot via MWD sea floor
telemetry
 Save rig time, replace intermediate
wireline check-shot
 Put the bit on seismic map
LWD Tool
 Update seismic velocities for PPP
 Update velocities for seismic
seismic reflector
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LWD systems
MWD Systems
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LWD systems

15 MWD LWD Systems

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15 MWD LWD Systems

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Schlumberger-ROO FAST TRACK DRILLING TRAINING

 LWD provides formation measurements

Fully Closed Partially Open Fully Open

 The smaller the modulator gap the larger the

 The process of encoding data into a wave has the

 The receivers (Bayesian, Equalizer) use filters to pass the

 Low signal strength due to attenuation of the signal

 Distortion due to echoes and reflections

Three sources of noise.

 Check that the pulsation dampener is properly

 Change Flow Rates - Motor RPM

 Signal on the spectrum with the pumps off

 The MDI contains the following electronics:

• PowerPulse Integrated Sensors

• Real-time monitor of downhole weight, torque, axial

• 4-axis shock measurement downhole

• Change Weight on Bit

• Downhole weight on bit and torque

Weight on bit Torque

ISR - Inclination at Bit SlimPulse Receiver

GST - GeoSteering Tool

Inclination at Bit SlimPulse Receiver

• SlimPulse receiver for AIM475

• Inclination measured 1 ft from the bit

• Near bit measurement and rotating stabilizer provide a

• ISR incorporates APWD to monitor ECD

• Real-time data transmitted via the SlimPulse MWD to

•Minimized time steering

• Compatible with 43/4 in. to 111/4 in. PowerPak motors

• Antenna array of 5 transmitters and 2 receivers at 2 frequencies

• Focused lateral multi-depth resistivity

• 5 individual resistivity measurements

• Ring resistivity - a cylindrical electrode provides a

• Button resistivity - azimuthally focused electrodes

• Azimuthal gamma ray

Compensated Dual Resistivity

• Minimum penetration of target sands

• Provides density, neutron porosity, photoelectric effect and

Ultrasonic Sensor • Neutron porosity measurement corrected for environmental

• Can be run stabilized or slick

• Wireline retrievable data

• Real-time data transmission with MWD telemetry

• Downhole recorded memory

• Combinable with VISION LWD systems to provide complete

• Realtime Delta-t provides depth

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