Intellectual Revolutions that

Defined Society
Science Technology and Society

Week 4
Learning Goals and Standard

At the end of the lesson, the learners will able

to:

• Analyze how scientific revolution is done

in various parts of the world like in Latin
America, East Asia, Middle East, and
Africa.
Cradles of Early Science
 Development of science in Mesoamerica
 Development of Science in Asia.
 Development of Science in Middle East
 Development of Science in Africa.
Development of Science in Mesoamerica

It includes the entire area of

Central America from Southern
Mexico up to the border of South
America.

Maya civilization lasted for

approx. 2000 years.

They incorporated their advanced

understanding of astronomy into
their temples and other religious
structures
 Development of Science in Mesoamerica

• Mayan knowledge and

understanding about
celestial bodies was
advanced for their times.
– Predicting eclipses
– Using astrological
cycles in planting
and harvesting.
The Mayan Calendar System
• Mayan is known for measuring time
using two complicated calendar
systems.
• It is useful for their life especially in
planning activities and observing
religious rituals and cultural
celebration.
The Mayan Calendar System
The Mayan Calendar consists of three
separate corresponding calendars: the
Long Count, the Tzolkin (divine
calendar), and the Haab (civil calendar).
Each of them is cyclical, meaning that a
certain number of days must occur
before a new cycle can begin. The three
calendars are used simultaneously.
The Mayan Calendar System
 Development of Science in Mesoamerica: Mayan
Civilization

• Mayans also developed

technology for growing
different crops and building
elaborate cities using ordinary
machineries and tools.
• Mayan built looms for weaving
cloth.
• Devised rainbow of glittery
paints made from mineral
called MICA.
 Development of Science in Mesoamerica:
Mayan Civilization
• Mayan Heiroglyphics – writing system of Mayan.
• Mayan are considered one of most scientifically
advanced societies in mesoamerica.
• They are skilled in mathematics.
• Created number system based on the numeral
20.
• Developed the concept of zero and positional value
eve before Roman did.
INCA CIVILIZATION

Famous in Mesoamerica.

Roads paved with stones.

Stone building that surmounted earthquakes and other

disasters.

Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their

crops to grow in all types of land.
 INCA CIVILIZATION

• Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious

festivals and prepare them for planting season.
• The first suspension bridge.
• Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records
that only experts can interpret.
• Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially
prized artistic achievements
Aztec Civilization

• Mandatory Education
 Chocolates
• Antispasmodic medication
 Chinampa
 Aztec calendar
 Invention of canoe
Development of Science in ASIA

• The biggest continent in the world.

• Considered as the home of many ancient
civilization
• The host of many cultural. Economic,
scientific, and political activities of
all ages.
Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA

• A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies

of water and fortified by huge mountains in its
northern boarders.

• Known for manufacturing of iron and

in metallurgical works.
Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA

• Famous in medicine e.g. AYURVEDA.

• AYURVEDA – a system of traditional

medicine that originated in ancient India
before 2500 BC.

• Susruta Samhita
Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA

• Spherical self-supporting earth

• Year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30

days each.

• Siddhanta Shiromani – the interest in

astronomy was evident in this book.
Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA

• Indus Valley Civilization

– The people in this civilization tried to standardize
measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and a designed ruler. (Mohenjodaro
Ruler)
• Aryabhatiya
– Introduced a number of trigonometric functions,
tables, and techniques as well as algorithms of
algebra.
Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA
ARYABHATA

- First of the major first of the major mathematician-

astronomers from the classical age of indian
mathematics and indian astronomy.

-Aryabhatiya
-place value system
-approximation of (pie)
-trigonometry

-Solar and Lunar eclipses were scientifically

explained
by Aryabhata. He states that the Moon and planets
shine
by reflected sunlight
Development of Science in ASIA: INDIA

BRAHMAGUPTA

-defined the properties of

the number zero, both as a
placeholder and a decimal
digit
-Suggested that gravity was
a force of attraction
Development of Science in ASIA: CHINA

• Traditional Medicine – acupuncture

• Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing
tools.
• Astronomy – heavenly bodies, Lunar
calendars
Development of Science in the MIDDLE
EAST
• Dominantly occupied by Muslims
• Greater value on science experiments.

• Hasan Ibn al-Haytham

– An Arab Mathematician , astronomer, and
physicist of the Islamic Golden age.
– Father of Optics.
 Development of Science in the MIDDLE
EAST
Muhammad ibn Musa
al-Khwarizmi
-concept of the algorithm in
mathematics

-algebra from al jabr (Hisab al-jabr wa-

al- Muqabala)

-calendars, calculating true positions of

the sun, moon and planets, tables of
sines and tangents, spherical astronomy,
astrological tables
Development of Science in Africa

• Development of geometry
• Center of Alchemy
• Studied human anatomy and pharmacology
• Astronomy
• Mathematics
Integration

In what way you

become a leader to
other people? What
are your
characteristic that
helps them to grow
and develop?
Assessment

Identify the Latest Development of

Science Latin America, East Asia,
Middle East, and Africa
Reference

• http://www.flowofhistory.com.readings 
Flowcharts/revival west/the-
ageenlightenment
• http://hti.osu.ed/scientific
revolution/lessonplans
• Powerpoint presentation on the individual
scholars and great works.