BY ABARA, DANIEL NSOR 06/EEN/001 ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CRUTECH.

In telecommunications and computer engineering, the term protocol refers to an agreed-upon standard that permits two or more computers to exchange data. It is the formal description of digital message formats and the rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems. Some examples include Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which belong to a family of protocols called the TCP/IP suite

TCP/IP is the name given to a collection of protocols that have been used to form the global internet. Invented by Robert Kahn member of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and Vinton G. in 1974 . The name TCP/IP is gotten from two fundamental protocols TCP and IP. The TCP/IP protocols are used for the internet and intranets which may also connect to the internet.

The protocols in the TCP/IP suite roughly correspond to a model defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This model is called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. The OSI model gives the ideal computer network system in which communication occurs between processes at discrete and identifiable layers. Each layer on a given host provides services to the layers above it and receives services from the layers below it.

APPLICATION

PRESENTATION

APPLICATION

SESSION

TRANSPORT

(HOST-TO-HOST) TRANSPORT

NETWORK

INTERNET

DATA LINK

NETWORK INTERFACE

PHYSICAL

(HARDWARE)

OSI MODEL

TCP/IP MODEL

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Protocol Internet Protocol (IP)

Service Provides packet delivery services (routing) between nodes. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Provides transmission of error and control messages between hosts and routers. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Maps IP addresses to physical addresses. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP Provides reliable data-stream delivery service between end nodes. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Provides unreliable datagram delivery service between end nodes. File Transfer Protocol(FTP) Provides application-level services for file transfer. TELNET Provides terminal emulation. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Enables the exchange of distance vector routing information between routers. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Enables the exchange of link state routing information between routers. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) Enables the exchange of routing information between exterior routers.

This is the most fundamental protocol of the TCP/IP suite. It is responsible for delivery of transport layer messages over a TCP/IP network. It transmits data across a network and performs an important function called Routing.

IP was first deployed for the original internet (ARPANET) in 1978. Was split from the TCP version 4 to be a part of the TCP/IP suite of protocols Was given the name Internet Protocol version 4 to match the version of TCP Its specification was based on RFC 791 September, 1981. This IP is the first version of IP and is called IPv4 not IPv1.

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Routing-Ensures data delivery services between nodes Network Interface Identification-Provision of unique identification between devices and network Address Uniqueness-Each IPv4 address is unique Address Size/Space-IPv4 is a 32bit binary number yielding 232 = 4,294,967,296 Dotted Decimal Notation-Example 227.82.157.177

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Developed with a focus on not too large networks Limited address space Reduction in performance due to various attempts to increase address space such as subnetting. All these led to the need for a new version of internet protocol, IPv6.

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Represents first major change in IP since IPv4 Main standards defined in RFC 2460 Internet Protocol Version 6, 1998 Is also called IPng Internet Protocol New Generation Many of its features are still in development stages. Is a 128bit binary number Uses Hexadecimal notation.

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Larger Address Size/space -2128 =340,282, 366, 920, 938, 463, 463, 374, 607, 431, 768,211, 456 Better space management Better Support for security Better Support for mobility Hexadecimal notation Example:805B:2D9D:DC28:0:0:FC57:D4C8:1FFF

This relates to an experimental protocol, Internet Streams Protocol version 2 Was skipped in favour of 6 to avoid confusion, hence from IPv4 we have IPv6.

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Dual Stacking-Devices are configured to be compatible with both IPv4 and IPv6 Tunneling Superimposing IPv6 on IPv4 Translation Using dual-stacked devices to receive IPv6 packets, convert them to IPv4 and deliver to the IPv4 destination.

IP version
Deployed Address Size Address Format Number of Addresses

IPv4
1981 32-bit number Dotted Decimal Notation: 192.0.2.76 232 = 4,294,967,296

IPv6
1999 128-bit number Hexadecimal Notation: 2001:0DB8:0234:AB00: 0123:4567:8901:ABCD 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463, 463,374,607,431,768,211,456

The need for more IP addresses was the main drive in the development of IPv6 IPv6 has a better address size and space compared to IPv4.

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