CSE 245: Computer Aided Circuit

Simulation and Verification

Sensitivity Analysis by Adjoint

Network
CK Cheng, May 2010

1
 Outline
• Tellegen’s Theorem

• Resistive Network

• Dynamic System

2
 Tellegen’s Theorem
Tellegen’s Theorem: For a vector of branch
voltages and branch currents, we have
T
V I 0
b b

 T
Vb I b  0
T  T T   T 
V I  Vb I b  Vb I b  Vb I b  0
b b

3
 Tellegen’s Theorem

I. VbT I b  0
E T Vn  Vb

1 1 0 0   v12 
1 0 1 0  v v 
1 3  
 1   13 
0 1 0 0  v2  v20 
     
4 0 0 1 0   v3   v30 
0 0 1 1 v4   v34 
   
2 0 0 0 1  v40 

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 Tellegen’s Theorem (con’t)

I. VbT I b  0

E Ib  0
i12 
1 1 0 0 0 0  i13  0
1 3
 1 0 1 0 0 0 i20  0
  
4 0 1 0 1 1 0 i30  0
   
0 0 0 0  1 1 i34  0
 
2 i40 
T
V I   E Vn  Ib  VnT EIb  0
T
b b
T
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 Tellegen’s Theorem (con’t)

II. VbT Ib  0

Example: Two circuits with the same topology

1 (2v) 1 3 (3v) 1 (0v) -2 3 (-1v)

0 -1

-1 1 4 (1v) 2 -1 4 (3v)

0 -1
-1 2
2 (4v) 2 (2v)

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 Tellegen’s Theorem (con’t)

II. VbT Ib  0

Example case: Two circuits with the same topology
~
 v12   2   i12   1  v12   2  i12   2 
 v   1 ~    v   1   i    2
 13     i13   1   13     13   
 v20   4  ~ i20   1 v20   2  i20   2 
   ~          
 v30   3   i30   1   v30   1 i30    1 
 v34   2  ~ i34   0   v34   4  i34    1 
    ~           
 v40   1   i40   0  v40   3  i40    1 

VbT I b  VbT Ib  VbT I b  VbT Ib  0 7

 Outline
• Tellegen’s Theorem

• Resistive Network

• Dynamic System

8
 Resistive Network
• Metric
y   f k vk   g k ik
k A kB VbT I b  VbT Ib  0

– A: branch voltage
– B: branch current
ib
• Sensitivity Calculation
y R
k  D
Rk

– D is the set of resistance Vb

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Example of Sensitivity Calculation

Given circuit
i2 v1
R’’’

+ i3 R’’
_

R’=R+∆R

y=v1 + 2i2 + 4i3

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Adjoint Network for Resistive Network

original network adjoint network

-fk
+ _
Vk

R+∆R R

gk
ik

+
_
VbT I b  VbT Ib   (vk ik  vk ik )   (vk ik  vk ik )   (vk ik  vk ik )
kA kB kD
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Adjoint Network for Resistive Network
(con’t)

For set A (branch voltage),

original network adjoint network

-fk
+ _
vk

vk where ik  0 vk where ik   f k

vk ik  vk ik  0  vk    f k 
 f k vk
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Adjoint Network for Resistive Network
(con’t)

For set B (branch current),

original network adjoint network

gk
ik

+
_
ik where v k  0 vk  g k where ik is unknown

vk ik  vk ik  g k ik  0  ik

 g k ik
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Adjoint Network for Resistive Network
(con’t)

For set D (resistance),

original network adjoint network

R+∆R R

vk   Rk  Rk   ik vk  ik R k

vk ik  vk ik  ik Rk ik  ik  Rk  Rk  ik

 ik Rk ik
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 Put it together…

VbT I b  VbT Ib   (vk ik  vk ik )   (vk ik  vk ik )   (vk ik  vk ik )  0

k A kB kD

~

k A
f kVk   g k ik   ik Rk ik
kB kD
y

 y 
 R  ~
 1  ik i k

y  
  
R  
  
 y 
 RM 

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 Outline
• Tellegen’s Theorem

• Resistive Network

• Dynamic System

16
 Dynamic System
• Metric
T T T
y    f k (t )vk (t )dt    g k (t )ik (t )dt  v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt  0
b b b b
kA 0 kB 0 0

– A: branch voltage
– B: branch current ib(t)
• Sensitivity Calculation
R
 y
 R k  D
 y
k Vb(t)
 k  E C
 Ck

– D is the set of resistance L

– E is the set of capacitance

We omit L here which is similar to C 17

 Adjoint Network for Dynamic System

original network adjoint network

-fk(T- t)
+ _
vk(t)
R+∆R R

C+ ∆ C C

L+ ∆ L L

gk(T- t)
ik(t)

+
_
T T

  v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt    v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt  0

b b b b
kA, B , D , E 0
k k k k
0
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Adjoint Network for Dynamic System
(con’t)

For set A (branch voltage),

original network adjoint network

-fk(T- t)
+ _
vk(t)

vk (t) where ik (t )  0 vk (t) where ik (t )   f k (t )

T T

 v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt   f t  v (t )dt

0
k k k k
0
k k

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Adjoint Network for Dynamic System
(con’t)

For set B (branch current),

original network adjoint network

gk(T- t)
ik(t)

+
_
ik  t  where v k t   0 vk T  t   g k  t  where ik  t  is unknown

T T

 v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt   g t  i (t )dt

0
k k k k
0
k k

20
Adjoint Network for Dynamic System
(con’t)

For set D (resistance),

original network adjoint network

R+∆R R

vk t    Rk  Rk   ik t  vk t   ik  t  R k

T T

 v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt   i (T  t ) R i (t )  i (t )  R
0
k k k k
0
k k k k k  Rk  ik (T  t )dt

T
   ik t  Rk ik T  t  dt
0 21
Adjoint Network for Dynamic System
(con’t)

For set E (capacitance),

original network adjoint network

C+ ∆ C C

vk t  where ik t  dt  Ck  Ck  dvk (t ) vk t  where ik  t  dt  Ck dvk (t )

22
 Adjoint Network for Dynamic System
(con’t)
For set E (capacitance),
T

 v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt
0
k k k k

T T

 v (T  t )i (t )   v (T  t ) C
0
k k
0
k k  Ck  dvk (t )

T T
  vk (T  t )Ck dvk (t )   vk (T  t )Ck dvk (t ) cancellation
0 0

T T
T
 v (T  t )C dv (t )  v
0
k k k k (T  t )Ck vk (t ) t 0   vk (t )d (vk (T  t )C k )
0
T
Set v k (0)  0
 vk (0)Ck vk (T )  vk (T )Ck vk (0)   vk (t ) d (vk (T  t )C k )
0
T T
overall
 v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt  v (T )C (0)v (0)   v (T  t )C v (t )dt
0
k k k k k k k
0
k k k
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 Put it together…
T T

  v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt    v (T  t )i (t )  v (t )i (T  t )dt  0

b
b b b b
k A , B , D , E 0
k k k k
0

T T
y    ik (t )ik (T  t ) Rk dt   vk (T )Ck vk (0)    v k (T  t )Ck (t )v k (t )dt
kD 0 kE kE 0

The initial voltage of the capacitor

remains fixed when other element
parameters vary. Thus, delta vk(0)=0.
 y T
   ik (t )ik (T  t )dt k  D
 Rk 0
 T
 y
 C    vk (T  t )vk (t )dt k  E
 
 k 0
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