Material Testing Lab Equipments

Description

1.Sieve Set 14. Vicat Apparatus

2.Balance 15. Electric Oven
3.Graduated Beaker 16. Stop Watch
4.Calculater 17. Electric
5.Slump cone 18. Fans
6. Various Moulds 19 Funnels
7.Hydrometer . Wire Basket
20.Brushes
8. Universal Testing Machine
9.Concrete Mixer 21.Hydraulic Jack
10.Pressure Gauge 22. Steel Pan
11.Tamping Rod 23. Shovel
12.Themometer 24. Trowel
13.Vibrator 25. Wheel Barrows
 A sieve, or sifter, is a device for separating wanted elements from
unwanted material or for characterizing the particle size distribution of a
sample of ( aggregates , Sand , and other soil particles

A set of IS Sieves of sizes -

80mm, 63mm, 50mm,
40mm,31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm,
16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, Fieldmaster·
. 4
. d nu
6.3mm,4.75mm, 3.35mm, ~ l ' \ 1 t · t . , , t l . l

2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm,

300µm, 150µm and 75µm.
aance or sca.e w an Fieldmaster•

accuracy to measure 0.1 ~ -·

percent of the weight of the test '.;...' ,

sample. The weight of sample

available should not be less
than
the weight given below:-
 Ma x im u m s iz e p r e s e n t Minimum wei ght of
in s ample des p at c h e d
s u b s ta n t ia l f o r t es t i ng
proportions k g
frrn 100
63
100
50
50
40
5
25
25
20
25
1€
12
12.5
6
10.0

Sieve Analysis
Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size
distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates. This is done
by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) - 1963.
In this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS
code and then pass aggregates through them and thus
collect different sized particles left over different sieves.
Procedure to determine particle size distribution of
Aggregates.
i) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of
110 + 5C and weighed.
ii) The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
iii) On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
iv) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a
percentage of the total sample weight.
v) Fineness modulus is obt ained by adding cum ulat iv e per cent age
aggr egat es retained on of each sieve and dividing t he sum by 100 .
Re port ing of Results
The results should be calculated and reported as:
i) the cumulative percentage by weight of the total sample
ii) t he percent age by weight of t he tot al sample passing t hr ough
one sieve and ret ained on t he next smaller sieve, to t he near est 0.1
percent . The result s of t he sieve analysis may be recor ded
graphically on a sem i- log gr aph wit h par t icle size as abscissa (log
scale) and t he per cent age smaller t han t he specified diam et er as
ordinat e.
 Sieve analysis results
Percent Cumulative % Percen
IS Sieve size t
retained retained
40 0.00 O.O0 passing
mm 0.60 0.60 100.00
20mm 73.50 74.10
4.1O
75 mm 22.90 97.00
mm to Table 2 of IS:383-1970

2. Balance 3.Graduated Beaker

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5.Slump Cone ·.·.·

" ·.· .· .· .·

Slump Cone .· .· .· .· .· .· .· .·

A metal mold in the form of a truncated

cone with a top diameter of 4"( 102mm),
a bottom diameter of 8"(203mm), and a
height of 12"( 305mm), used to fabricate
the specimen for a slump test. A 2 ft
(610 mm) long bullet nosed metal
rod, 5"' (16 mm) in diameter
.
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Concrete Slump Test

The concrete slump test is an empirical test that measures

the workability of fresh concrete
More specifically, it measures the consistency of the
concrete in that specific batch. This test is performed to
check the consistency of freshly made concrete.
Consistency is a term very closely related to workability. It
is a term which describes the state of fresh concrete. It
refers to the ease with which the concrete flows. It is used
to indicate the degree of wetness. Workability of concrete
is
mainly affected by consistency i.e. wetter mixes will be
more workable than drier mixes, but concrete of the same
consistency may vary in workability.
Procedure
The test is carried out using a mould known as a slump
cone or Abrams cone. The cone is placed on hard non•
a absorbent surface. This cone is filled with concrete
in three stages, each time it is tamped using a rod of
fresh
standard dimensions. At the end of the third stage,
concrete is struck off flush to top of the mould.
mould is the carefully lifted The upwards, so as
disturb the concrete cone. Concrete
vertically not subsides.
to This
subsidence is termed as slump, and is measured in to
the
nearest 5 mm if the slump is <100 mm and measured to
the nearest 10 mm if the slump is >100 mm.
Slump Cone
Tamping procedure
Removing cone
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 6.Various Moulds

Three types of moulds use in material testing lab for preparation of

Concrete specimen .

L
1.Cube moulds
Size of Cube Moulds
Cube Mold: 150 mm x 150 mm x150 mm
Cube mold: 100 mm x 100 mm x 100
Cube mold: 70.6 mm mm
x 70.6 mm x 70.6 mm
 2.Cylinder moulds

Size of Cylinder Moulds

6 x 12 in. (15.2 x 30.5 cm), and 4 x 8 in (10 x 20 cm)
 3.Beam moulds

Size of Beam Moulds

Three sizes available: 100x100x400
100x100x500
and 150x150x600
A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific
gravity(or relative density) of liquids ; that is, the ratio the density of
of
the liquid to the density of water
A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of
a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with
mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid
to be tested is poured into a tall container, often
a graduated cylinder, and the hydrometer is gently
lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at
which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the
hydrometer
scale inside is noted.
the stem, Hydrometers usuallygravity
so that the specific containcan
a be
read directly. A variety of scales exist, and are used
depending on the context
 HYDROMETER

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READ AT BOTTOM O F M E N I S C U S

READING: 22.5
 8.Universal Testing Machine
An instrument so designed that it is capable of exerting a tensile, compressive,
or transverse stress on a specimen under test. Further, it can be adapted for
the determination of Brinell hardness, ductility, cold bend, and other
properties.
The machine consists essentially of three systems: loading, weighing, and
indicating, the loading being applied either mechanically or hydraulically.
DESCRIPTION OF UTM
The Univ ersal Test ing Machine consist s of two main par t s, viz. t he loading
unit and t he cont rol panel.

THE LOADING UNIT

The loading unit consist s of a robust base at t he cent re of which is
fit t ed t he main cylinder and pist on. A rigid frame consist ing of t he
low er table, t he upper cross head and t he two st raight columns is
connect ed to t his pist on t hr ough a ball and socket j oint . A pair of
screwed columns mount ed on t he base pass t hr ough t he main nut s
t o support t he lower cross- head. This cross head is moved up or
dow n when t he screwed columns ar e rot at ed by a gear ed mot or
fit t ed t o
t he base. Each cross- head has a tapering slot at t he cent re int o
which ar e insert ed a pair of racked j aw s. These j aw s ar e moved up
or dow n by t he operat ing handle on t he cross- head face and is
int ended to car ry t he plat e (gr ip) j aw s for t he tensile test specim en.
An
elongat ion scale, which measur es t he relat iv e mov em ent bet ween
t he low er table and t he low er cross- head, is also provided wit h t he
loading unit.
THE CONTROL PANEL
The control panel contains the hydraulic power
unit, the load measuring unit and the control
devices.

1. The Hydraulic P o w e r U n i t .

The Hydraulic Power Unit consists of an oil pump

driven by an electric motor and a sump for the
hydraulic oil. The pump is of the reciprocating
type, having a set of plungers which assures a
continuous non-pulsating oil flow into the main
cylinder for a smooth application of the test load
on the specimen. Hydraulic lines of the unit are of
a special design to enable them to perform
various functions.
2. The Load Measuring Unit.
The load measuring unit, in essence is a pendulum
dynamometer unit. It has a small cylinder in which a piston
moves in phase with the main piston under the same oil
pressur e. A simple pendulum connect ed wit h this small
pist on by a pivot lever thus deflect s in accordance wit h t he
load on t he specimen and t he pivot rat io. This deflect ion is
transmit t ed to the load point er which indicat es t he test load
on the dial.
The pivot lever has four fulcrum -knife-edges, giving fo4ir
ranges of test load, (viz. 0-100 kN; 0-250 kN; 0-500 kN and
0- 1000 kN) . The required range can be select ed by j ust
tur ning a knob provided for t he pur pose. The overall
accur acy of t he machine depends mainly on the accuracy of
the
3. Control Devices.
measuring
These unit.
include the electric control devices, the hydraulic control
devices and the load indicating devices.
 ow
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/ The Electric Control Devices
ar e in t he form of four sw it ches set on t he lef t side of t he panel face. The
upper and lower push sw it ches are for moving t he low er cross- head up and
dow n respect iv ely . The remaining two ar e t he ON and OFF sw it ches for t he
hy dr aulic pum p.
The Hydraulic Control Devices
are a pair of control valves set on the table or the control panel. The right
control valve is the inlet valve. It is a pressure compensated flow control
valvehas a built-in overload relief valve. If this valve is in the closed position,
and
while t he hydraulic sy st em is on, oil flows back into the sump. Opening of the
valve now, cause t he oil to flow into the main cylinder in a continuous non•
pulsating manner. The left control valve is t he ret ur n valv e. If t his valve is in
closed position, the oil pumped into the t he main cylinder causes t he main
move up. The specimen resists this, movement,pist on toas soon as it gets loaded up. Oil
pressure inside t he main cylinder (and elsewhere in t he line) t hen st ar t s
gr ow ing up unt il eit her t he specimen breaks or t he load reaches t he maximum
value
the of
range selected. A slow opening of this valve now causes the oil to drain back
into the sump and the main piston to descent.
The Load indicating Devices
consist of a range inf lat ing dial placed behind load indicating dial. The former
a move and set s it self to t he range select ed the range adjusting knob is
when t ur ned. The load .o n t he specimen at any is indicated by the load pointer
st age moves over the load indicating dial and harries forward with it a dummy.
which
 9. Concrete Mixer
A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that
homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel,
and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving
drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable
concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at
the construction site
Laboratory Concrete Mixer
 Two Different Types of Concrete Mixers
You may need to choose one from a variety of concrete mixers if you
have to do a job at home or at an outdoor construction site in your area.
You must choose the correct concrete mixer depending on what you need
it for. A concrete mixer can be used for many things, such as
construction and structure repair like fixing an eroded wall of a building or
a broken sidewalk. The two most common types are the mobile concrete
mixer and the stationary one.

1. Mobile Concrete Mixers

This first type of concrete mixer is ideal for you if you need to use concrete
in more than one place in the same area. You can move this concrete
mixer
around from place to place without any difficulty. These mixers are usually
used to make sidewalks and in projects where concrete needs to be used
in multiple locations. You can manipulate the dose of concrete required in
each area and there is no need to add more water to the mixture if you
decide to put more rocks and mix them up with the concrete.
2. Stationary Concrete Mixers
Unlike the previous type, stationary concrete mixers cannot be moved
because
they are fixedpurposes.
construction in only one place. use
Builders Thisthe
type of concrete
concrete and mixer
pour itisinto
mostly
moldsused for
when
they are constructing building. Usually, if you are using a stationary
a concrete
mixer, you may
construction require
project. using some
A stationary cementmixer
concrete to actisas a pre-caster
ideal for your
for you if you are
staying in one place and you do not have to move from place to place.
 10. Pressure Gauge
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement
of pressure . Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure
gauges

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 Types of pressure Gauge
Standard pressure gauges
This type of pressure gauge is probably the one most often used.
The the pressure
pressure gauge is simply screwed into the available thread (e.g. onto
regulator) . It is generally sealed using a compression seal.

Integrated pressure gauge

The special feature of the integrated pressure gauge is that it
has
no outward-facing interfering contours. A side-effect of this is the
design. It wouldn't damage the machine/system if, apart from the
function, it was made to look more attractive.
 Flange pressure gauge
This is used if the customer wishes to
integrate the pressure gauge, for example into
a control cabinet.

Red-green pressure gauge

Using the adjustable red-green areas, a permissible
and impermissible range can easily be indicated.

Plug-in pressure gauge

Instead of a thread, this pressure gauge has a smooth
sleeve with a groove and a seal. This makes it easy to
mount it onto existing fixtures. Dismantling and
assembly
is very quick with this type of pressure gauge.
 11. Tamping Rod

Description
Tamping rods are dimensionally accurate rods used to tamp fresh concrete
into cylinder molds and slump cones to eliminate voids and excess air.
Measures: 5/8" diameter x 24" length
For use with slump cones, 6" x 12" concrete cylinder molds and
pressure meters

Also available; 3/8" diameter x 12" length, 5/8" diameter

x 12" length, and graduated 5/8" diameter x 24" length
•an instrument for measuring and indicating temperature, typically one consisting of
a narrow, hermetically sealed glass tube marked with graduations and having at
one end a bulb containing mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it
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 13.Vibrator
A vibrator is a mechanical device to generate vibrations. The vibration is
often generated by an electric motor with an unbalanced mass on
its d riveshaft.

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 TYPES OF CONCRETE VIBRATORS FOR COMPACTION
Since concrete contains particles of varying sizes, the most satisfactory
compaction would perhaps be obtained by using vibrators with
different speeds of vibration. Poly frequency vibrators used for
compacting concrete of stiff consistency are being developed. The
vibrators for compacting concrete are manufactured with frequencies of
vibration from 2800 to 15000 rpm. The various types of vibrators used
are described below:
( i ) Immersion or Needle Vibrators:
This is perhaps the most commonly used
vibrator. It essentially consists of a steel
tube (with one end closed and rounded)
having an eccentric vibrating element
inside it. This steel tube called poker is
connect ed to an elect r ic or a diesel
mot or engine through a They are
f lex ible t ube.
available in size varying from 40 to 100
mm diam et er. The diam et er of t he
poker is decided f rom t he considerat ion
of t he spacing bet ween t he reinf or cing
bar s in t he for m- w or k.
 The frequency of vibration varies up to 15000 rpm. However a
range bet ween 3000 t o 6000 rpm suggested as a desirable
is minim um wit h an acceler at ion of to 10g.
4g normal radius of action of an immersion vibrator is 0.50 to
The
l.0m. However, it would be pr ef erable t o im m erse t he
into concrete at intervals vibrat or not more t han 600mm or
times
of the diameter of the poker.
8 t o 10
The period of vibration
requir ed may be of the order of 30 seconds to 2 minute. The
concr et e should be placed in layers not more than 600mm
high .
(ii) External or Shutter Vibrators

These vibrators are clamped rigidly to

the form work at the pre-determined
points so that the form and concrete
are vibrated. They consume more
power for a given compaction effect
than internal vibrators.
 These vibrators can compact up to 450mm from the face but have
to be moved from one place to anot her as concret e pr ogr esses.
These vibrat or s operat e at a frequency of 3000 to 9000 rpm at
an accelerat ion of 4g.
The external vibrators are more often used for pre-casting of thin
in-situ sections of such shape and thickness as can not be
compacted by internal vibrators.
(iii) Surface Vibrators
These are placed directly on the concrete mass. These best suited for
compaction of shallow elements and should not be used when the depth
of concrete to be vibrated is more than 250 mm .

Very dry mixes can be most effectively

compacted with surface vibrators. The
surface vibrators commonly used are pan
vibrators and vibrating screeds. The main
application of this type of vibrator is in the
compaction of small slabs, not exceeding
150 mm in thickness, and patching and
repair work of pavement slabs. The
operating frequency is about 4000 rpm at
an acceleration of 4g to 9g.
 (iv) Vibrating Table
The vibrating table consists of a
rigidly built st eel plat for m
mount ed on flex ible springs and is
dr iv en by
an electric motor. The normal
frequency of vibration is 4000 rpm
at an acceleration of 4g to 7g. w

in compacting stiff and

The
harsh vibrating
concretetables
mixesarerequired
very for manufacture of precast
efficient
elements in the factories and test specimens in laboratories.
 14. Vicat Apparatus
is used to find out the consistency, initial setting time and final
setting time of the cement. In the normal consistency test we
have to find out the amount of water to be added to the
cement to form a cement paste of normal consistency.
Vicat's apparatus consists of an
arrangement to hold the plunger of 10
mm diameter and two other needles
which are made to freely fall into a
mould filled with the cement paste
and the amount of penetration of the
needles of plunder can can be noted
using the vertical graduations from 0
mm to 50 mm.
 Consistency Test:
To find out the consistency test you have to take a sample of
dried
cement of about 400 g weight which must pass through the 90
micron IS Sieve. Then mix in it about 25% of water by weight a
form a uniform paste within 2 minutes of time.
Fill the Vicat's mould with this paste and make the 10 mm plunger
fixed to the arrangement to just touch the top surface of the
cement paste. Make it freely fall and note the amount of
penetration.

When the penetration is of about 42 to 45 mm or when the reading

on the vertical graduation is about 5 mm to 7 mm that means
cement is of normal consistency. Generally the water required to
form a paste of normal consistency is 30%.
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 Initial Setting Time:
Initial time of Cement is the time required by the cement for its early
setting. Cement must be applied to the place of its use before its
initial setting so it is necessary to find out the initial setting time that
is available with us.

Vicat's apparatus is the standard apparatus used to find out this initial
setting time. Look in the figure above, is a needle of diameter 1
there mm. This needle is fixed to the weight.
movable rod
The cement paste of normal consistency is formed and is filled in the
mould. Now the needle is made just touch the top surface of the cement
paste and made freely fall in it. Initial setting time is the time from the
mixing of the cement and the water to the time when the penetration of
the needle is just above 5 mm from the bottom of the base plate or mold.
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21.Hydraulic Jack
22.Steel Pan

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 26.First Aid Box

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