JOINT

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 Joints (Articulations)
• Weakest parts of the skeleton
• Articulation – site where two or more
bones meet
• Functions of joints
– Give the skeleton mobility
– Hold the skeleton together

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 Classification of Joints:
Structural
• Structural classification focuses on the
material binding bones together and
whether or not a joint cavity is present
• The three structural classifications are:
– Fibrous
– Cartilaginous
– Synovial

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 Classification of Joints:
Functional
• Functional classification is based on the
amount of movement allowed by the joint
• The three functional classes of joints are:
– Synarthroses – immovable
– Amphiarthroses – slightly movable
– Diarthroses – freely movable

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 Fibrous Structural Joints
• The bones are joined by fibrous tissues
• There is no joint cavity
• Most are immovable
• There are three types – sutures,
syndesmoses, and gomphoses

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 Fibrous Structural Joints: Sutures
Occur between the bones of the skull
Comprised of interlocking junctions completely filled with connective
tissue fibers

Figure78.1a
SUTURE

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 Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses

• Bones are connected

by a fibrous tissue
ligament
• Movement varies from
immovable to slightly
variable
• Examples include the
connection between
the tibia and fibula,
and the radius and
ulna
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 Fibrous Structural Joints:
Gomphoses

• The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between

the root of the tooth and its alveolar
process (socket)
• The fibrous connection is the periodontal
ligament

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 Cartilaginous Joints
• Articulating bones are united by cartilage
• Lack a joint cavity
• Two types – synchondroses and
symphyses

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Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses

Figure 12
8.2a, b
 Cartilaginous Joints:
Symphyses
Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is
fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage

138.2c
Figure
 2. Amphiarthrotic

pubic symphysis intervertebral joint

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 Synovial Joints
• Those joints in which the articulating
bones are separated by a fluid-containing
joint cavity
• All are freely movable diarthroses
• Examples – all limb joints, and most joints
of the body

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Synovial Joints: General Structure

• Synovial joints all have the following

– Articular cartilage
– Joint (synovial) cavity
– Articular capsule
– Synovial fluid
– Reinforcing ligaments

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Synovial Joints: General Structure

Figure 17
8.3a, b
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 1. Articular cartilages

Prevents
opposing
bones from
making direct
contact 19
 2. Joint (articular) capsule
Encloses entire joint

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 3. Synovial membrane
• Lines inside of joint capsule
• Comprised of a few layers of cells
• Produce synovial fluid
1. Provides lubrication
2. Nourishes
3. Shock absorber
4. Fills entire joint
5. Held in by capsule
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 Synovial Joints: Range of
Motion
• Nonaxial – slipping movements only
• Uniaxial – movement in one plane
• Biaxial – movement in two planes
• Multiaxial – movement in or around all
three planes

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 Types of Synovial Joints

1. Plane joints
– Articular
surfaces are
essentially flat
– Allow only
slipping or
gliding
movements
– Only examples
of nonaxial
joints
238.7a
Figure
 Types of Synovial Joints
(continue)
2. Hinge joints
– Motion is along a
single plane
– Uniaxial joints permit
flexion and extension
only
– Examples: elbow and
interphalangeal joints

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Types of Synovial Joints

258.7b
Figure
 3. Pivot Joints

• Only uniaxial movement allowed

• Examples: joint between the axis and the
dens, and the proximal radioulnar joint

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 4. Condyloid, or Ellipsoidal, Joints
• Both articular
surfaces are oval
• Biaxial joints permit
all angular motions
• Examples:
radiocarpal (wrist)
joints, and
metacarpophalangeal
(knuckle) joints

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 5. Saddle Joints
• Similar to condyloid
joints but allow
greater movement
• Each articular surface
has both a concave
and a convex surface
• Example:
carpometacarpal joint
of the thumb

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 6. Ball-and-Socket Joints
• A spherical or
hemispherical head of
one bone articulates
with a cuplike socket
of another
• Multiaxial joints permit
the most freely
moving synovial joints
• Examples: shoulder
and hip joints
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 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

• Hinge joint
• Head of the mandible – articular tubercle &
mandibular fossa of temporal bone
• Ligament: lateral ligament
(temporomandibular ligament)

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TMJ

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8. Mandible

Mandibular foramen

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 VERTEBRAL COLUMN

1. Joint of vertebral bodies

– Symphyses
– Weight-bearing & strength
– IV disc tdd: anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus
– Ligament: anterior & posterior longitudinal
ligament

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Intervertebral Foramen

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Vertebral Column: Intervertebral Discs

Figure35
7.14b
Thoracic Vertebrae

Figure36
7.17b
2. Joint of vertebral arches

– Zygapophysial joint (facet joint)

– Plane synovial joint
– Between superior & inferior articular
processes
– Accessory ligament

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Lumbar Vertebrae

Figure38
7.17c
3. Craniovertebral Joint

– Atlanto-occipital joint:
• Lateral masses of os atlas (C1) – occipital
condyles
• Synovial condyloid joint
• Flexion, extension
• Anterior-posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

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3. Craniovertebral Joint continue…..

• Atlantoaxial joint:
– Three articulation:
• Two lateral between lateral masses C1-C2
vertebrae (plane joint)
• One median between dens of C2-anterior arch &
transverse ligament of C1 (pivot joint)
• Ligament: Alar ligament, tectorial membrane

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Cervical Vertebrae: The Atlas (C2)

Figure41
7.17a
Axis

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 PELVIC JOINT
1. Lumbosacral joint
– Articulate at anterior IV joint, between: L5-
S1 bodies
– 2 posterior zygapophysial joint (facet joint)
between articular processes
– Ligament: iliolumbar ligament

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2. Sacrococcygeal Joint

– Secondary cartilaginous joint

– Apex sacrum – base of coccyx
– Ligament: sacrococcygeal ligament

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Sacrum and Coccyx: Anterior View

Figure45
7.18a
3. Sacroiliac Joint

– Synovial joint
– Weight-bearing
– Between the ear-shape auricular surface of
the sacrum & ilium
– Ligament: interosseus & sacroiliac ligament
– Slight gliding & rotation

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4. Pubic Symphysis

– Secondary cartilaginous joint

– Union of the bodies of the pubic bones
– Ligament: Superior and inferior (arcuate)
pubic ligament

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 Selected Synovial Joints: Shoulder
(Glenohumeral) joint

• Ball-and-socket joint in which stability is

sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of
movement
• Head of humerus articulates with the
glenoid cavity of the scapula
• Flexion, extension, abductio, adductio,
rotatio, circumductio
• Ligaments: coracohumeral, and three
glenohumeral, transverse humeral
ligament
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Pectoral Girdles (Shoulder Girdles)

Figure50
7.22a
Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability

Figure51
8.10a
Synovial Joints: Shoulder Stability

Figure52
8.10b
 Elbow Joint

• Hinge synovial joint

• Trochlea & capitulum humerus – trochlear
notch of ulna & head of radius
• Fexion, extension
• Ligament: collateral (radial collateral &
ulnar collateral)

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 Wrist Joint

• Condyloid synovial joint

• Distal end of radius – proximal carpal
bones
• Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction
• Ligament: anterior & posterior ligament,
ulnar & radial collateral ligament

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 HIP JOINT

• Acetabulum – Head
of femur
• Ball & socket joint
• Flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction,
rotation,
circumduction
• Fungsi: menyangga
berat badan

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 HIP JOINT continue….

• Ligament:
– Iliofemoral ligament
– Pubofemoral ligament
– Ischiofemoral ligament

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 Selected Synovial Joints: Knee
• Largest and most complex joint of the
body
• Hinge joint
• Allows flexion, extension, and some
rotation
• Three joints in one surrounded by a single
joint cavity
– Femoropatellar
– Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints
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 Synovial Joints: Knee Ligaments and
Tendons – Anterior View
• Tendon of the
quadriceps
femoris muscle
• Lateral and
medial patellar
retinacula
• Fibular and tibial
collateral
ligaments
• Patellar ligament 60
Figure 8.8c
 Synovial Joints: Knee –
Other Supporting Structures

• Anterior cruciate ligament

• Posterior cruciate ligament
• Medial meniscus (semilunar cartilage)
• Lateral meniscus

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 Synovial Joints: Knee –
Other Supporting Structures

628.8b
Figure
 Synovial Joints: Knee –
Posterior Superficial View
• Adductor magnus
tendon
• Articular capsule
• Oblique popliteal
ligament
• Arcuate popliteal
ligament
• Semimembranosus
tendon

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Figure 8.8e
 ANKLE JOINT

• Distal end tibia & fibula- superior part talus

• Hinge joint
• Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
• Ligament:
– Lateral ligament: anterior & posterior
talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament
– Medial ligament: tibionavicular, anterior-
posterior tibiofibular, tibiocalcaneal

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