Basic Rigging 2005

Copyright Pro Crane Services 1
Introduction
Terry Elmy
– retired, 31 years, Pt. Comfort,
Massena, Pt. Henry, and
Tennessee
– started Pro Crane Services in
1996
– services include operator &
maintenance training, systems
audits, crane procurement,
accident investigation, and
expert witness services
– recently added structural and
BTH device analysis capability

TRAINED,
QUALIFIED
OPERATORS
SAFE
LIFTING
EFFECTIVE, PROPER
EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT
MAINTENANCE DESIGN
THE SAFETY TRIANGLE

Training Objectives:
• Review fundamentals of
rigging
– the load
– the hitch
– attachments
– sling angle
– D/d ratio
• General use guidelines
• Provide answers to
technical questions

Rigging
The handling, setting and erection of
materials and equipment is a hazardous
occupation. Each operation presents its
own peculiar problems and no two jobs are
alike. With proper consideration taken,
each job can be performed free of bodily
harm to the employee and without damage
to the equipment.

Rigging
Rarely does the typical worker get the
opportunity to actually select the
rigging. It is normally provided at the
work site by others. This in itself can
create serious problems. Workers
need to be trained in the proper use of
rigging and not to use rigging
improperly because “it’s all I had to
work with.”
Rigging - Plan
• Who is responsible for
the rigging?
• Is the equipment in safe
condition?
• Are the working load
limits adequate?
• Will the load be under
control?
• Are there any unusual
loading or environmental
conditions?
Rigging Basics – The Load
• Load weight shall be
within rated capacity
of the sling* ASME B30.9
*such that no part of the rigging

is overloaded
A COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OFPro

Copyright THE LOAD
Crane FORCES IS REQUIRED!
Services 8
• Load weight may be obtained
from:
– equipment nameplate
– packing list
– drawings
– shipping tag
– weighing the load
– an estimate or calculation of
load weight

Load information:
• Size
• Weight
• Center of gravity

Load information:
• Size
• Weight
– The center of gravity is
the point at which a
load will balance - and
that point must be
directly below the hook
or principal lifting point.

Load information:
• Size
• Weight
– The center of gravity is the point at which a
load will balance - and that point must be
directly below the hook or principal lifting
point.
– An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS
directly below the hook.
Load information:
• Size
• Weight
– The center of gravity is the
point at which a load will
balance - and that point must
be directly below the hook or
principal lifting point.
– An object will tilt until its center
of gravity IS directly below the
hook.
– If an object is evenly shaped
measure to find the center of
gravity

Load information:
• Size
• Weight
– The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance
- and that point must be directly below the hook or principal
lifting point.
– An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS directly below the
hook.
– If an object is evenly shaped measure to find the center of
gravity
– Determination of center of gravity of unevenly shaped objects
can be very complicated – mistakes or bad assumptions can
result in disastrous consequences
Load information:
• Size
• Weight
– The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance
- and that point must be directly below the hook or principal
lifting point.
– An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS directly below the
hook.
– If an object is evenly shaped measure to find the center of
gravity
– Determination of center of gravity of unevenly shaped objects
can be very complicated – mistakes or bad assumptions can
result in disastrous consequences
– Always make the load connection point is above the center of
gravity
Center of Gravity
Finding the center of gravity based on weights
2000 #
3000 #
6000 #

Center of Gravity
6000/(6000+2000) 75%
= 3/4 = 75%
2000 #
6000 #

Center of Gravity
8000/(8000+3000)
= .73 = 73%
8000 #
73%
3000 #

Center of Gravity
• Other methods of establishing COG
– require supplier to mark COG
– find by trial lifts
– find by trial and error

Center of Gravity
• Other methods of establishing COG
– require supplier to mark COG
– find by trial lifts
– find by trial and error
Caution: weight must be known and rigging may

need to be oversized before using any
trial method

Rigging Basics - Hitches
Vertical – having the load
suspended vertically
on a single part or leg
of the sling.
Characteristics:
• Load capacity is 100 % that of a single part
• Taglines should be used if the load tends to rotate
as rotation can damage the sling.
• Use on items with lifting eye bolts or shackles or
when a second sling is used in a spreader bar
application
• Do NOT use when lifting loose or lengthy material,
anything difficult to balance
Basket - loading with the sling passed under
the load and both ends on the hook,
master link, or lifting device
Characteristics:
• Effectively doubles the capacity of a single
vertical sling
• Stress on each leg tends to be equalized
• Use on straight lifts when the load is
shaped so that the sling (or slings) will not
slide over the surface.
• Do NOT use on loads that are difficult to
balance and could tilt or slip out of the
sling(s).
• When terminating to a common point (like a
hook), sling angle can reduce sling
capacity. Copyright Pro Crane Services 22
Choker – loading with the sling passed
through one eye or choker hook
and suspended by the other end
Characteristics:
• Choker hitch is easy to attach & forms a noose
that tightens as the load is lifted
• Rated capacity is 75% of the single part*.
• Use to turn a load (if possible use a double
choker hitch) or when handling bundles of bars or
pipes
• Do NOT use on loads difficult to balance or which
may slip out the choke

* based on wire rope and chain slings, 120 degree angle of choke
Choke angle – the angle formed between the
load line and the noose
Angel of Choke
Rated Capacity Factor*
120 - 180° = 100%
90 - 119° = 87%
60 - 89° = 74%
30 - 59° = 62%
0 - 29° = 49%

*based on wire rope slings
• Do not confuse choke
angle with angle of
inclination of the load

• Choker hitches are not suited to long loose
bundles

• Double Wrap Basket Hitch
– adjustment of slings is required while taking
up slack to avoid overloading one side of the
sling (this applies to all basket hitches)

• Turning loads with a
choker hitch
Loads in legs will equalize

during lifting
Loads in legs will tend not

to equalize during lifting

Rigging Basics – Sling Angle
Sling angle has a dramatic effect on the actual
load on the sling. Take a sling that has a 1000
pound vertical lifting capacity in a basket hitch:
Copyright Pro Crane Services

Sling with 500# vertical hitch capacity
29
As angle decreases - tension on each leg
increases - increasing the strain on each leg
Copyright Pro Crane Services

Sling with 500# vertical hitch capacity
30
A different look, with the same load and sling,
changing the angle has a similar dramatic
effect

A different look, with the same load and sling,
changing the angle has a similar dramatic
effect

• The sling angle factor
equals H divided by L,
the inverse, L/H, can
also be used to
calculate sling load
L/H is useful to calculate sling load when the vertical force is known.
L/H for common angles is approximately: 60º - 1.2; 45º - 1.4; 30º - 2
Rigging Basics

Sling Angle Example Problem
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

First, we need to know the vertical load at each
connection point, A and B to support the load.
A B
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

The vertical load is offset, proportioning gives
the following information:
ForceA x 10’ = 10,000# x 2’
ForceA = 2,000#
therefore, ForceB = 8,000#
FA FB
A B
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

Sling Angle Example
We know we want to position the hook
directly over the center of gravity
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

Sling Angle Example
Next we know the sling furthest away from the hook
will have the smallest angle, so we’ll size it first and
base our sling angle at the optimal angle of 60º.
60º
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

Sling Angle Example
Since the angle is 60º, the height of the hook is now
fixed as is the sling length. Because the angle is 60º,
the sling length is twice the base length (2 x 8’ = 16’).
16’
60º
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG
Cosine 60º = 0.5

Sling Angle Example
Knowing the L/H = 1.2 for 60º sling angle, the height of
the hook is
L/H = 1.2
H = 16/1.2
H = 13.3 feet
16’
13.3’
60º
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

Sling Angle Example
Additionally, knowing that L/H = 1.2 for 60º sling angle, the load
on sling A = 1.2 x ForceA or 1.2 x 2,000# = 2,400#.
’
16
0 0#
2, 4
13.3’
60º
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

Sling Angle Example
Sling B’s length can now be calculated to an exact number.
Length of Sling B = √(13.3)2 + (2)2 = 13.44 feet
’
16
0 0#
13
2, 4
.44
’
13.3’
60º
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

Sling Angle Example
Sling B’s load can now be calculated:
L/H = 13.44/13.3 = 1.01

LoadB = 1.01 x 8,000# = 8,084#
’
16
0 0#
13
2, 4
8,0
.44
4#8
’
13.3’
60º
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

Sling Angle Example
Using wire rope slings, EIPS grade, 6x19 class rope
with a mechanical splice,
Sling A needs to be 3/8-in. diameter min.
Sling B needs to be ¾-in. diameter min.
’
16
0 0#
13
2, 4
8,0
.44
4#8
’
13.3’
60º
10,000#
8’ 2’ CG

Rigging Basics – D/d Ratio
• D/d ratio is the ratio of
the diameter around
which the sling is bent
divided by the body
diameter of the
sling. Whenever a
sling body is bent
around a diameter,
the strength of the
sling is decreased.
Application: 6x19 and 6x37 Class rope, may not apply to cable laid or braided slings
Rigging Attachments
• Sockets
– swaged and poured
socket assemblies
shall be proof tested
– mechanical splice
single vertical leg
slings test shall be 2
times vertical load limit
ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services 47

Rigging Attachments
• Shackles
– used only those rated
for overhead lifting

Rigging Attachments
• Shackles
– synthetic web slings
connected to shackles
of sufficient size to not
cause bunching or
pinching of the sling
Use wide shackles to

prevent pinching or
bunching

Rigging Attachments
• Hooks – inspect before use, use ASME
B30.10 or a recognized Engineering
Standard
Spread
hook

Where is the hook latch??
Rigging Attachments
• Hooks – avoid eccentric loading
of hooks

Rigging Attachments
• Hooks
– do not exceed 90
degrees included
angle when connecting
two slings in a hook. If
you have an included
angle more than 90
degrees, or more than
two legs, use a
shackle or a master
link to connect.

Rigging Attachments
• Turnbuckles
– Turnbuckles can be used to adjust sling
length. Be sure to use only load rated
components

Rigging Attachments
• Eye bolts
– use only forged eye bolts rated for lifting
– never use if damaged, bent, elongated
– never use regular eye bolts for angular lifts
– always seat shoulder against the load

Rigging Attachments
• Eye bolts
– always shim eye bolts to seat shoulder in-line for
angular loading
– for angular lifts reduce working load
• 45 degrees – 30% of rated working load
• 90 degrees – 25% of rated working load
Angle of pull

Rigging Attachments
• Eye bolt - rigging

Rigging Attachments
• Eye bolt - rigging
How to prevent load buckling?

Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam - A below-
the-hook lifting device that
utilizes two or more hooks
(attaching devices) located
along a beam and the
spreader beam attaches to
the hoist by means of a
bail. The spreader beam is
used to handle long or wide
load and serves to "spread"
the load over more than one
lifting point. Often used in
conjunction with slings.
Note: a common misconception of spreader beams is that they equalize the loading
along the beam. They do not! Spreaders only eliminate horizontal forces from affecting
the load being hoisted.
Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam
1/2 L 1/2 L
Spreader Beam
¼L
Fa
With the CG off center of Fb

the hook as shown, the vertical
force at Fa will be 75% of the
load weight and the vertical force
at Fb will be 25% of the total
load weight.
No horizontal forces will be
exerted on the load.
Load
Center of gravity
Copyright Pro Crane
Total Weight =W Services 59
Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam
1/2 L 1/2 L
Spreader Beam
¼L
Fa
With the CG off center of Fb

the hook as shown, the vertical
force at Fa will be 75% of the
load weight and the vertical force
at Fb will be 25% of the total
load weight.
No horizontal forces will be
exerted on the load.
Load
As shown, will the

load be level during
hoisting? Center of gravity
Copyright Pro Crane
Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam
Beam
pr eader
S
The load will tilt until
the center of gravity
aligns with the hook.
Lo a d

Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam
¼L
Fa
Fh
Without the use of a spreader
beam, the vertical forces remain
the same, however, the sling load Fb
is a function of the sling angle and Fh
the sling load will be higher than
the sling between the spreader
and the load.
There will, in this case, be
horizontal forces exerted upon
the load, dependent upon the
sling angle.
Center of gravity
¼L Copyright Pro Crane
General Use Guidelines
• Pre-use and periodic
inspection is required
on all sling and
rigging components
OSHA 1926.251, 1910.184 Copyright Pro Crane Services 63

Periodic inspection Periodic inspection Frequent inspection Label*
frequency/records performed by ? frequency/records
Chain slings OSHA 1910.184(e)(3) – at OSHA – competent OSHA – before use OSHA – size, grade, rated
least annually with person (1910.184(d) w/o records cap., & reach
records ASME - competent ASME: normal –monthly; ASME: mfgr., grade, size,
ASME: normal – annually; person severe service – daily no. of legs, reach,
severe service – to weekly w/o records rated load for hitches
monthly to quarterly
with records
Wire rope OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – none
slings ASME – based on service, at ASME – competent (1910.184(d) ASME – mfgr., size, rated
least annually with person ASME – daily w/o records load for type of hitch
records & angle
Synthetic OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – rating @ each type
web slings ASME – recommended at ASME - competent (1910.184(d) of hitch, type of
least annually based on person ASME - daily w/o records material
service, records ASME – mfgr., mfgr. Stock
recommended no., rated load for each
type of hitch, material
type & construction
Metal mesh OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – rated @ vertical
slings ASME - based on service, at ASME - competent (1910.184(d) and choker hitch
least annually; records person ASME – daily w/o records loading
recommended ASME – mfgr., rated load
for hitch & angle,
width and gauge
* Sling I.D., per ASME B30.9, shallCopyright Pro Crane

be maintained to be Services
legible for the life of the sling 64
• Rigging equipment
shall not be loaded
beyond its
recommended
working load limit
(WLL)

OSHA 1926.251
• When not in use,
rigging shall be
removed from work
area and properly
stored
OSHA 1926.251 Copyright Pro Crane Services 66

• During lifting, personnel shall
be alert for possible snagging

• Slings should be long
enough so that rated
load is adequate

• Multiple leg slings
shall be selected so
as not to introduce
into the leg, a load
greater than permitted
Note: select multiple leg slings based on two

legs supporting the entire weight of the load and
the other leg(s) balancing the load.

• Shock loading should
be avoided

• The load shall be
applied to the center
of the hook (unless
the hook is designed
for point loading)

• When used in a
choker hitch, prevent
the load on any
portion of the sling
from exceeding the
rated load

• Slings shall not be
shortened by knotting
or twisting

• Slings should not be
pulled from under a
load when the load is
resting on the sling

• Slings should not be
dragged on the floor

• Sharp corners in
contact with the sling
should be padded

The following slide is not for the faint of heart. If you are are bothered
by accident scenes, do not look at the screen until the “All Clear”
signal is given.

• Do not place body,
fingers, etc. between
the sling and load or
hook

• Personnel shall not
ride the sling (or load)

• Personnel should
stand clear of
suspended load

• And not “Be” the
suspended load!!

No Homemade Slings
WARNING
No wire rope sling shall be fabricated using wire rope clips!!
Preferred sling construction is to use

a Flemish eye splice with a mechanical
sleeve (turn back construction is not
recommendable)

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Copyright Pro Crane Services 1

Copyright Pro Crane Services 2

THE SAFETY TRIANGLE

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*such that no part of the rigging

A COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OFPro

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Caution: weight must be known and rigging may

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Loads in legs will equalize

Loads in legs will tend not

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ForceA x 10’ = 10,000# x 2’

therefore, ForceB = 8,000#

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Cosine 60º = 0.5

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on sling A = 1.2 x ForceA or 1.2 x 2,000# = 2,400#.

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Length of Sling B = √(13.3)2 + (2)2 = 13.44 feet

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L/H = 13.44/13.3 = 1.01

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ASME B30.9 Copyright Pro Crane Services 47

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Use wide shackles to

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How to prevent load buckling?