CHAPTER 1

REDOX
EQUILIBRIUM
what WILL YOU LEARN?
1.1 OXIDATION
& REDUCTION
PART 1
 Why do apple slices turn brown after being cut?

Apples are rich in iron.

When you cut an apple into slices, its

cells are damaged.

The damaged cells exposed to the air

and allows the oxygen to react with the
iron and an enzyme called polyphenol
 Essentially, the apple rusts! causing iron oxide to form .
 How do you keep cut apples from turning brown?

Tips for Preventing Apples From

Browning
1.Slice the fruit in water.
2.Brush or dip sliced apples in lemon juice.
3.Soak cut fruit in ginger ale.
4.Soak the slices in salt water
5.Sprinkle with ascorbic acid powder.
6.Wrap a rubber band around a sliced
apple put back together.
The definition of redox reaction
A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in
where oxidation and reduction occur
simultaneously.
 Oxidation and reduction can be
defined in terms of:
1. Loss or gain of oxygen, O
2. Loss or gain of hydrogen, H
3. Transfer of electrons
4. Change in oxidation number
 Oxidation is a process that
involves:
1. Gain of oxygen, O
2. Loss of hydrogen, H
3. Loss of electrons
4. Increases of oxidation number
 Reduction is a process that
involves:
1. Loss of oxygen, O
2. Gain of hydrogen, H
3. Gain of electrons
4. Decreases of oxidation number
 1. Oxidation and reduction in
term of loss or gain oxygen
Oxidation Reduction
Is a chemical reaction Is a chemical reaction
in which a substance in which a
gains oxygen substance loses
oxygen
Oxidation (gain of oxygen)

Reduction (Loss of oxygen)

Reduction (loss of oxygen)
 OXIDISING AGENT AND
REDUCING AGENT
• The oxidizing agent is the material that’s reduced
or undergoes reduction.
• The reducing agent is the material that’s oxidized
or undergo oxidation.
Reduction (loss of oxygen, O)
• FeO is reduced as it loses oxygen, O. This
means oxidizing agent are reduced in redox
reaction.
• C is oxidized as it gains oxygen, O.
Therefore, reducing agents are oxidized in
redox reaction.
ACTIVITY 1 A
 2. Oxidation and reduction in
term of loss or gain hydrogen
Oxidation Reduction
Is a chemical reaction Is a chemical
in which a substance reaction in which a
loses hydrogen substance gain
hydrogen
Oxidation (loss of hydrogen, H)
 3. Oxidation and reduction in
term of transfer of electron
Oxidation Reduction

Is a chemical reaction Is a chemical reaction

in which a substance in which a
loses electron. substance gain
electron.
• Since the discovery of electrons by J.J
Thomson in 1897, chemists have started to
use the concept of electron transfer in
explaining redox reactions.
• Primarily, redox reactions can be explained
through the concept of electron transfer.
• Transfer of electrons in a redox reaction can be
elaborated in the following half equations:
Oxidation and reduction in terms of
electron transfer
The combustion of Zink, Zn to form
Zink oxide, ZnO

Oxidation (loss electrons) Zn2+

2Zn(s) + O2(g) 2ZnO(s)

O2-
Reduction (gain of electrons)
 Zn loses electrons to form zinc ion,
Zn2+ in zinc oxide, ZnO
Zn(s) Zn2+ (s) + 2e
Oxygen, O gains the electrons to form
oxide ions, O in zinc oxide, ZnO
O2 + 4e 2O2- (s)

Oxidation is a loss of electron and

reduction is a gain of electrons.
Oxidizing Agent = ?
Reducing Agent = ?
 Transfer of electrons at a
distance
When the reducing and oxidizing agents are separated by
an electrolyte in a U-tube as shown in Figure below, the
transfer of electrons occurs through the connecting wires
and can be detected by a galvanometer.
 Transfer of electrons at a
distance

Negative terminal : The electrode at which electrons are released by

the reducing agent.
Positive terminal : The electrode at which electrons are accepted by
the oxidizing agent.
 Transfer of electrons at a
distance
4) The reducing agent loses its electrons and hence undergoes
oxidation. The electrode at which electrons are released by
the reducing agent is called the negative terminal.
5) The electrons then flow through the connecting wires to the
oxidizing agent. The electrode at which electrons are
accepted by the oxidizing agent is called the positive
terminal.
6) As the oxidizing agent accepts the electrons, it undergoes
reduction.
7) The electrolyte allows the movement of ions to take place,
thus completing the electric circuit. This ensures a
continuous flow of electrons in the external circuit.
EXPERIMENT
 EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE

1. A U-tube is clamped to a retort stand.

2. Dilute sulphuric acid is poured into the U-tube until its levels are 6 cm away
from the mouths of the U-tube.

3. Using a dropper, 0.5 mol dm iron(Il) sulphate solution is carefully added to

one of the arms of the U-tube until the layer of iron(Il) sulphate solution
reaches the height of 3 cm.

4. In a similar manner as in step 3, 0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium

manganate(Vll) solution is added to the other arm of the U-tube.

5. The electrodes are connected to a galvanometer as shown in Figure 3.7.

 EXPERIMENT
PROCEDURE

6. Based on the deflection of the galvanometer, the electrodes that act as the
positive terminal and negative terminal are determined.

7. The set-up is left aside for 30 minutes. Any change is observed.

8. Using a clean dropper, 1 cm3 of iron(ll) sulphate solution is drawn out and
placed in a test tube. Then, a few drops of 0.2 mol dm-3 potassium
thiocyanate solution are added to the test tube. Any change is observed.

9. Steps 1 to 7 are repeated using 0.5 mol dm3 potassium iodide solution and
0.2 mol dm-3 acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution to replace the iron(lI)
sulphate solution and acidified potassium manganate(Vll) solution. Step 8 is
repeated to test the potassium iodide solution with 1% starch solution.
D. Transfer of electrons at a
distance
 EXPERIMENT

Observation Inference

(a) The electrode in the iron(lI) sulphate solution acts Electrons flow from iron(ll) sulphate solution to
as the negative terminal while the electrode in the acidified potassium manganate(VlI) solution.
acidified potassium manganate(VlI) solution acts
as the positive terminal.

(b) lron(ll) sulphate solution changes from pale green At the end of the reaction. Iron(lll) ions are
to yellow. It gives blood-red colouration with present .
potassium thiocyanate solution. lron(ll) ions have changed to iron(lll) ions.

(c) The purple acidified potassium manganate(Vll) Manganate(VlI) ions that give the solution its
solution decolourises. purple colour are used up in the reaction.
 EXPERIMENT

Observation Inference

(a) The electrode in the potassium iodide solution acts Electrons flow from potassium iodide solution to
as the negative terminal, whereas the electrode in the acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution.
acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution acts as the
positive terminal.

(b) The colourless potassium iodide solution turns At the end of the reaction, iodine is present.
brown. It gives a dark blue colouration with starch Iodide ions have changed to iodine.
solution.

(c) Potassium dichromate(Vl) solution changes colour Dichromate(Vl) ions have changed to chromium
from orange to green. (lll) ions.
EXPERIMENT
Laboratory experiment
Laboratory experiment
Overall ionic equation
Examples of oxidising agents
Examples of reducing agents
 QUESTIONS 1

C
 QUESTION 2

D
4. Oxidation and reduction in term of
change in oxidation number
Oxidation Reduction
* *
Is a chemical Is a chemical
reaction reaction in which
in which a substance a substance
increases its decreases its
oxidation number. oxidation number.
Exercise
Answer
Determining of oxidation number
 What is Oxidation Number?

 The oxidation number or oxidation state

is the charge of the elements in a
compound if the transfer of electrons
occurs in an atom to form chemical
bonds with other atoms.
 o mic
t
on oa
M ion
 m ent in
Ele
2,
G1, G
G13
 Sum of
element in
polyatomic
 H in compound H in metal hydrides

+1 -1

Example : H2O and NH3 Example : sodium hydride,

NaH
Oxygen
Exercise 2
The Oxidation Number and Naming of
Compounds According
to the IUPAC Nomenclature
 Naming compound using the IUPAC nomenclature.

Zinc
chloride,
Potassium Copper(II)
manganate(VII), sulphate,
ZnCl2 KMnO4 CuSO4

How these compounds get their names?

Do you realize it?
According to the IUPAC nomenclature, Roman numerals are
used to indicate the oxidation number of the metals in their
compounds.

Fe(NO3)2 Oxidation nu. = +2 Iron (II) nitrate

Fe(NO3)3 Oxidation nu. = +3 Iron (III) nitrate

 Element in
G1, G2,
G13

Mg(NO3)2 Oxidation nu. = +2 Magnesium nitrate

Table 1.4 shows the naming of compounds containing metals
that have more than one oxidation

number according to the IUPAC nomenclature .

 Calculating the oxidation number of
elements.
i. Write down the fixed oxidation number of
elements
ii. Multiply each oxidation number by the
subscript of the element in the chemical
formula.
iii. Write the mathematical equation for the sum of
oxidation numbers.
iv. Solve the mathematical equation to determine
the unknown oxidation number.
 Example 1
Calculate the oxidation number of Mn
in potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4

Solution K Mn O
Rules (I) +1 X -2
Rules (II) 1(+1) 1 (x) 4(-2)
Rules (III) 1(+1)+1(x) + 4(-2) = 0
+1 + x – 8 = 0
X = +8 – 1
=+7
Rules (IV) The oxidation number of Mn is +7.
 Example 2
Calculate the oxidation number of chromium, Cr in
the chromate (VI) ion, CrO42-
Solution Cr O
Rules (I) x -2
Rules (II) x 4(-2)
Rules (III) X + 4(-2) = -2
X – 8 = -2
Rules (IV) X = -2 + 8
= +6

The oxidation number of Cr is +6

PERLIS TRIAL 2020
Exercise 3
 Exercises
• 1. Calculate the oxidation number of
underlined element.
• a) KClO3
• b) Na2S2O3
• c) P2O74-
 Exercises
• 2. Identify the name according to the IUPAC naming
system for each of the following compounds.
• a) CuO
• b) Cu2O
• c) MnO2
• d) Mn2O7
• e) K2Cr2O7
• f) KMnO4
 Oxidation and reduction
in terms of oxidation number

Oxidation (increase in oxidation number)

0 +2

Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

+2 0
Reduction (decrease in oxidation number)

Oxidation involves an increase in oxidation number.

Reduction involves decrease in oxidation number.
Reducing Agent : ?
Oxidizing Agent : ?
 Summarizing
OXIDATION REDUCTION
+ oxygen - oxygen
- hydrogen + hydrogen
- electron + electron
+ oxidation number - Oxidation number
Reducing Agent Oxidating Agent

REDOX
THANK YOU !