CERTIFICATE

It is hereby to certify that, the original

and
genuine investigation about the
subject the matter and the related
data collection and
investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by
"Armaan Mohapatra "
of grade 12 E1 regarding his project "
AND Gate”
Acknowledgement
I own my sincere gratitude to our respected Mr.
Ashutosh Mahapatra, The physics teacher, KiiT
International School for his valuable guidance, active
cooperation and cost motivation during preparation of
my project
I am also grateful to our principle, Sanjay Saur for his
encouragement and inspiration with a great pleasure.
I extend my special thanks to our laboratory
assistant of
physics department with whom this project would
have become fruitless.
I also wish to my parents for their moral and financial
help without whom this work would have been a void.
 Preface
I am pleased to present the project on
the topic "AND Gate "
This has been strictly in accordance to
the syllabus given by CBSE. I sincerely
hope that
the project will be appreciated by all.
I shall also be glad on receiving
suggestion for further improvement of
project.
 Introduction
Alogic gate is an idealized or physical device
implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a
logical operation on one or more logic inputs and
produces a single logic
Output.
In general there 3 logic gates-
● AND GATE
● OR GATE
● NOT GATE
Besides these 3 there are 2 other logic gates, they are
universal gates.
They are:
➔ NAND GATE
➔ NOR GATE
 Materials
Required
● 9V battery-3
● Switch (ON/OFF)-5
● Relay-1
● Resistor-3
● LED bulb
● Connecting wire

PRE REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

● Knowledge of handling basic

electrical components
● Knowledge of building a model of
circuit
Function of various
components in electrical
circuit
1. BATTERY
A battery is a device consisting of one
or more electrochemical cells that
converts stored chemical energy into
electrical energy. In an electrical
circuit, the battery act as the power
source.
2.Switch

A switch is an electrical component that can

break an electrical circuit by interrupting the
current flow

3.Relay
Relays are electrically operated switches
that open and close the circuits by
receiving electrical signals from outside
sources. They receive an electrical signal
and send the signal to other equipment by
turning the switch on and off.
2.Resistor
A resistor is a device that obstructs the flow of current. It is a
passive two-terminal device which is used to regulate the flow
of electric current.

3.LED bulb
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a
semiconductor device that emits light
when an electric current flows through it.
The three basic logic gates

1. AND GATE
An AND gate is a digital logic gate that performs a
logical AND operation. It has two or more inputs and
one output. The output is 1 only if all inputs are 1,
otherwise it's 0.
1. OR GATE
An OR gate is a digital logic gate that performs a logical
OR operation. It has two or more inputs and one output
that is 1 if any of the input is 1, otherwise the output is
0.
1. NOT GATE

A NOT gate is a digital logic gate that performs a logical negation

operation. It has one input and one output. The output is the opposite of
the input, i.e., if the input is 1, the output is 0 and if the input is 0, the
output is 1. It's represented by a circle with a slash in a circuit diagram and
¬ in Boolean algebra.
Procedure
For building equivalent electrical circuit

For AND gate

● For building the equivalent electrical
circuit we require 1 battery,2 switches ,1
LED bulb and a resistor

● In this circuit all the materials are

connected in series as shown in the given
figure
Observation
For AND Gate
→ When the circuit is closed i.e. both A and B switches (keys) are
closed then only the bulb glows
• When either of the switches is open then current does not flow
to the bulb, so the bulb does not glow.
• When both the switches are open the circuit is open, hence the
For OR Gate
bulb does not glow.
• When both the switches are closed then the circuit is closed
hence the bulb glows.

• When either of the switches are closed then the current

flows through the switch that is closed. Hence the current flows a
reaches the bulb as a result of which the bulb glows.

• When both the switches are open then the circuit is open, hence
the bulb does not glow.
For NOT gate
• When the switch is open then the bulb and the battery are in
a closed circuit network, so the bulb glows.

• When the switch is closed then the battery and

the key are in a closed circuit network, hence the current flows
from the battery to the key
and then returns back to battery. Hence the bulb does not glow.
 Inference
If the flow of current through a key is
considered as "1" and no current flow as "0",
and the state of a bulb (glowing/not
glowing) is also considered as "1" and "0",
respectively, then the table of input and
then we can observe that output currents
for each gate will be identical to the truth
table of that corresponding gate.
 Conclusion
The equivalent electrical circuits of each
basic logic gate are ready and are operating
properly. The truth tables of the basic logic
gates are even satisfied by the electrical
circuits.
Sources of error
● The connections may be lose
● The materials are low quality and
faulty
 Precautions
● The connections should be done
correctly
● The circuits must use a resistor
● High amount of input should be
avoided
● The switches must be in OFF state
when circuit is not used