Phy Sci Module 1

MODULE 1
THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS

PREPARED BY: JAMAICA F. TAMAYO
All Rights Reserved© | UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS | SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS - JFTAMAYO
Outline:
• 1. ORIGIN OF LIGHT ELEMENTS
• 2. ORIGIN OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
• 3. UNDERSTANDING LIFESPAN OF STARS
• 4. ATOMIC THEORY TIMELINE
OBJECTIVES
• Give evidence for and describe the formation of light and
heavy elements during star formation and evolution.
• Identify and describe the development of the model of the
atom.
• Determine the different proponents in the development of the
model of the atom.
• Calculate the and write nuclear reactions.
PART I.
1. ORIGIN OF LIGHT ELEMENTS
2. ORIGIN OF HEAVY ELEMENTS
3. UNDERSTANDING LIFESPAN OF
STARS
The Origin of the Light Elements
• The Big Bang Model

-universe is constantly expanding and cooling
Three key observational evidence:

a. Hubble/ cosmic expansion
b. Cosmic microwave background (CMB)/ Cosmic Background Radiation
c. Primordial/ big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN)
a. Hubble/ cosmic expansion
• Edwin Hubble (1930)
b. Cosmic microwave background (CMB)/ Cosmic
Background Radiation
• George Gamow (1940) Together
with R. Herman and R. Alpher
• predicted that if the early stage of
the universe was hot and dense,
then an afterglow of radiation
must have filled up the universe
because of the cooling process.
c. Primordial/ big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN)
• G. Gamow, R. Herman and
R. Alpher
• produced the “light
elements” shortly after the
big bang.
• fusion of protons and
neutrons, forming nuclei
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Reactions

The Origin of the Heavy Elements
• Nuclear fusion-Protons + neutrons to form
heavier nuclei
Summary flow of the
process:
Large clouds of gascontractsstar formationdying
star= (during and after explosion) formation heavier
elements formed
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis
is responsible for the formation of
heavy elements.
Stellar Formation and Evolution
• fusion shells-region or layer
in a star where new elements
are formed
• new layers added to form
from yellow star to a red
giant.
• Thus, the so called “onion
skin structure”
Reactions in the hydrogen fusion shell:
Reactions in the helium fusion shell:
Reactions in the carbon fusion shell:
• Neon oxygensiliconNickel decayed to iron
Note:
a. production stopped when Iron is formed (stable nuclei-cannot
undergo nuclear fusion.
b. Energy input is necessary to produce heavier elements (HOWEVER
THE STAR ALREADY EXHAUSTED ITS NUCLEAR FUEL
THUS,
STELLAR EXPLOSION—neutron capture and radioactive decay
Supernova= formation of elements heavier
than iron
Understanding the Life Span of Stars
Classification of stars according to their mass:
• small size- merely transforms H to He.

• medium- when H atoms are depleted, their He are further
converted to C and O. e.g. sun
• massive- undergo further nuclear reactions. oxygen and
carbon fuse to form neon (Ne), sodium (Na), magnesium
(Mg), silicon (Si) and sulfur (S). These elements are
transformed mostly into calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni),
chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and others.
Nuclear Fusion Reactions
• a. Nuclear fission- splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei. Ex. Nuclear powerplants
• b. Nuclear fusion- reaction through which light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus. Ex. Stars
Nuclear fusions in stars may be classified into two phases, which
form different sets of elements:
• Exothermic reactions (forms He) – releases energy in the form of heat or light.
• 2. Burning phases (forms heavier nuclei): Helium burning, C and O burning, Si burning
Helium Burning
Carbon and Oxygen Burning Silicon Burning
Writing and Balancing Nuclear Reactions
• Nuclear Reaction is written in terms of chemical symbols and formulas.
Better if you memorize

this table
Alpha decay: loss of an alpha particle ()
• Alpha decay of polonium – 210
Beta decay: loss of beta particle ()
•Beta decay of carbon – 14
Gamma radiation: emission of gamma ray ()
• Gamma radiation in alpha decay of uranium –

238
• (alpha decay)

• (gamma radiation)
Positron emission: conversion of a proton in a nucleus into a
neutron, along with the release of a positron ()
• Positron emission of oxygen – 15
Electron capture: drawing of an electron ()into an atom’s nucleus
Electron capture of mercury – 201
Bombardment of alpha particle: addition of alpha particle
Bombardment of beryllium with an alpha particle
PART II.
ATOMIC THEORY TIMELINE
450 B.C. -- Democritus
• Greek Philosopher
• States that all matter around us
is made of indivisible tiny
particles called “atomos”.
1803 --John Dalton
• English School Teacher

• Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1. Elements are made of tiny particles called “atoms”
2. Atoms of one element are identical while atoms of
different elements are different.
3. Conservation of atoms – rearrangement in RXN
(Lavoisier previously stated this in terms of the Law
of Conservation of Matter)
4. Different atoms form compounds in constant ratios.
1839--Michael Faraday
1896 --J.J. Thomson
• English Physicist
• Discovered atoms have
negative particles
(electrons) using a
cathode ray tube.
• Discovered electron’s
charge to mass ratio: 1.76
x 10^8 C/g
1909--Robert Millikan
• American Physicist
• Measured the charge of an
electron using oil droplets
• Electron’s charge: 1.60 x 10
^-19 C
• Electron’s mass: 9.11 x 10^-
28 g
1909-- Ernest Rutherford
• New Zealand Scientist
• Rutherford’s Nucleus Theory
• Positive charge is not like a pudding, but concentrated in the nucleus
as shown in the gold foil (alpha particle) experiment.
• Most of an atom is empty space
• 1919 - named positive charge the “proton” (+1)
• 1932 - Rutherford and James Chadwick discover neutron in nucleus
(no charge)
1887-1915-- Henry Moseley
• English Scientist
• Moseley’s Atomic Number
• Each element contains a unique
number of protons (atomic
number)
1911-1913 --Niels Bohr
• Danish Physicist
• Bohr’s Orbit Model
• Electrons orbit the nucleus
• Model based on the hydrogen atom
• Energy of the electrons is quantized.
1st shell(K)- 2 electrons
2nd shell (L)= 8 electrons
and so on........
1926 --Louis de Broglie and Erwin
Schrödinger
• French Graduate Student
• Wave Mechanical Model
• Electrons can act like particles and waves (just like light)
• Electrons occupy orbitals. Orbitals are nothing like orbits. They are
areas of probability (90% of electron probability)
• Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer performed experiments to
support the wave mechanical model.
Erwin Schrödinger

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MODULE 1

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF THE ELEMENTS

• The Big Bang Model

Three key observational evidence:

• small size- merely transforms H to He.

Carbon and Oxygen Burning Silicon Burning

Better if you memorize

• Alpha decay of polonium – 210

•Beta decay of carbon – 14

• Gamma radiation in alpha decay of uranium –

• Positron emission of oxygen – 15

• English School Teacher

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