NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING/

INSPECTION
CHAPTER 11
 INTRODUCTION
• Increased in complexity
• The rising cost of down time
• Airline could not afford to ground an aircraft for long
periods to conduct maintenance or inspection furthermore,
as components became more expensive
• New methode inspection had to developed to allow
inspection without disassembly or desctrution at the past
• The inspection techniques develope are non destructive
testing (NDT)
• The various methods of NDT of visual, liquid penetran,
magenetic particle, eddy current, ultrasonic and
raqdiographic inspection
 NDT
• Visual Inspection
– Liquid Penetrant Inspection
– Magnetic Particle Inspection
• Electronic Inspection
– Eddy current
– Ultrasonic
– Radio graphic inspection
 NDT – Visual Inspection
• Fiberoptic scope
– A fiberoptic borescope is similar to a standard
borescope, but has a flexible, articulated probe
that can bend around corner (Figure 11-3)
– Special attachmend allow monitoring at a camera
to the borescope to photographically record what
is seen through the scope.
The pictures taken aid in describing a situation to
in inspector for airworthiness determination
 NDT – Visual Inspection
• Video scope
– For inspecting inaccessible locations is the video
borescope
– It is similar to a fiberoptic scope
– The video scope provides a high quality image of
the area being viewed and can easily be adapted
to video recording equipment for inspection
records and review (figure 11-4)
 NDT – Visual Inspection
• Weld Inspection
– Visual inspection is the most practical and thus most common
– A good weld is : uniform in width, with even ripples that taper
off smothly in to base metal. There should be no burn marks or
signs at overheating, and no oxide should form on the base
metal more than ½ inch
– Must be free of gas pockets, porosity and inclusions (Figure 11-
5)
– Penetration is the depth of fussion in weld, and the important
characteristic of a good weld
– Penetration depends on the thickness of material to be joined,
the size of filler rod and welding techniques
– Poor welds display certain telltale characteristics
 NDT – Liquid Penetran Inspection
• Liquid Penetrant inspection is a method of
nondestructive inspection suitable for location cracks,
porosity or other types of faults open to the surface
• Dye penetran inspection is based on the principle of
capillary atraction
• There are two types af dyes used in liquid penetran
inspection : fluorescent and colored
• An ultraviolet light is used with fluorescent penetran
and any flaw shows up as a green line
• With the colored dye method, faults show up as red
line against the white developer
 NDT – Liquid Penetran Inspection
• Preparation
– When using liquid penetrant it is important that the
surface be free of grease dirt and oil
– The best method of cleaning a surface is with a
volatile petroleum based solvent
– Parts to be inspected with liquid penetrant should not
be cleaned by abrasive blasting, scraping or heavy
bruishing. These methods tend to close any
discontinuities on the surface and hide defects that
could otherwise be accted
– After the part is clean, rinse and dry it thoroughly
 NDT – Liquid Penetran Inspection
• Penetrant Application
– Penetrant is typically applied to surface by
immersing the part in the liquid or by swabbing or
bruishing a penetrant solution onto the parts
surface
– The amount of time required for a penetrant to
cure is called dwell time and is determined by the
size and shape of the discontinuitics being looked
for
 NDT – Liquid Penetran Inspection
• Removal of Surface Penetrant
– Liquid penetrans a typically removed using either
water, an emulsifying agent, or a solvent
– Water-soluble penetrants are the eassiest to remove
– Type of penetrant is flushed away with water that is
sprayed at a pressure of 30 to 40 psi with in
adjustable spray nozzle is held at a 45 0 angle to the
surface
– Post-emulsifying penetrants must be treated with an
emulsifying agent
 NDT – Liquid Penetran Inspection
• Application of developer
– There are three kinds of developer used, do the
same jobs, the methods of their application
differs.
– Penetrant begins to bleed out of any fault as soon
as the penetrant removed .
– Covering the surface to be inspected with
developer as soon as possible helps to pinpoint
the location of any fault.
 NDT – Liquid Penetran Inspection
• Dry Developer
– Dry developer is a loose powder material such as
talcum that adheres to the penetrating liquid and
acts as a blotter to draw the penetrant out of any
surface faults.
– The part is typically placed in a bin of loose
developer.
– After the powder remains, for recomended time ,
the excees is removed with low pressure air flow.
NDT – Liquid Penetran Inspection
– Used with a dry developer is often treated with a
fluorescent dye, or with a colored dye
– Exemined under black light so faults appear as a
green indication as the ligth cause the dye
fluorensce, or glow.
– Colored dye penetrants are usually red and any
faults appear as red marks, clearly visible on the
surface.( figure 11-11)
– Wet developer
A wet developer i s similar to a dry developer in
that it is applied as soon as the surface penetrant
is rinsed off the part .
Typically consist of white powder mixed with
water that is either flowed over surface, or a part
immersed in it.
The part is then air dried and inspected in the
same way as a part on which dry developer was
used.
• If used with penetrant that are treated with either
fluorescent or colored dyes.
– NONAQUEOUS DEVELOPER
• Used developer for field maintenance is nonaqueous
type.
• Noaqueous developer consits of a white chalk-like
powder suspended in a solvent that normally applied
from pressure spray can, or sprayed onto a surface
with paint gun.
• The part being inspected must be throughly dry before
a thin, moist cost of developer is applied.
• The developer dries rapidly and pulls out any penetrant
that exists within fault
• The penetrant stains the developer and is easily seen
with a black light when a flourescent penetrant is used.
• If the white light is desired use a colored dye.