Proteins

CP Bio
9/7 and 9/9/2019
Learning Objectives
Students should be able to:
List and describe the functions of proteins
Diagram dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
Describe the significance of the order of amino acids
in proteins
 Daystarter 9/7 and 9/9
Put your phone up, turn in your homework (Cracker Lab)
What are some
structural and functional
similarities and
differences between
these polysaccharides?

Homework:
Finish pp. 59-60
Reading Guide
(Enzymes) pp. 61-62
What are Proteins?
Unlike carbohydrates,
proteins have nitrogen (N)
Proteins are polymers of
amino acids (a.a.)
Amino acids are monomers

itrogen
 Protein Functions
All cell membranes have protein in them
They are enzymes that help chemical reactions
They are antibodies for the immune system (animals)
They are non-steroidal hormones
They are the major structural molecules in living things
(especially animals) for growth and repair: muscles,
ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…
THINK: Proteins = membranes, enzymes, antibodies,
non-steriod hormones, structure = “MEANS”
Protein Synthesis
They are joined together by a dehy­dra­tion syn­the­sis
reac­tion.  Con­versely they are bro­ken apart by water
through a hydrol­y­sis reac­tion. 
Where else have we heard this?

In our Carb talk, we

learned how this is
Dur­ing our lipid talk, we
how sucrose is made learned this is FA’s attach
from glucose and to glyc­erol to cre­ate
fruc­tose.  mono, di and
Protein Synthesis
Dehydration synthesis of amino acids (monomers)
creates a polypeptide (aka protein; polymer)
The bond that links the two is a peptide bond
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
There are 21 amino
acids that your body can
use to make proteins
Until recently = only 20
21st (selenocysteine)
was discovered
recently!
 Not on diagram or in your
book, so don’t worry
about it
 You do not have to
memorize or know the
names anyway
Essential Amino Acids
There are 9 a.a.s that They are:
your body can not
synthesize.
These must come from
your diet
Good sources include:
Grains, legumes,
vegetables, mushrooms
Eggs, milk, fish, meat
Amino Acids are Monomers
We eat proteins, break
them down into
individual amino acids,
and then rebuild them
into proteins we need to
live.
We also use the N from
a.a.s to synthesize new
a.a.s using the energy
from carbs / lipids
Order of Amino Acids in Protein
The function of a protein depends largely on the
order of the amino acids in a protein chain
Change the order  change the function
Protein Structure Levels
 MEANS: Cell Membrane

The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesn’t

leak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon.
Proteins are integral to cell membranes, performing various
functions in the membrane.
MEANS: Cell Membrane
Proteins have various roles in cell
membranes, including:
Transporting things in and out
Binding one cell to another
Enzymes
Relay signals (cell to cell talking)
 MEANS: Enzymes
Enzymes: a protein that speeds up chemical
reactions. E.g. digestion (amylase – the cracker lab)
We will focus more on enzymes on a later day
MEANS: Antibodies
Antibodies are part of immune system
Produced by white blood cells.
Antibodies can either neutralize pathogens or
“tag” them for white blood cells to destroy
Lock and key model
MEANS: Non- Steroid Hormones
Hormones: Chemical “messengers” in
the blood stream
E.g.
Insulin: Unlocks cells and allows
glucose in.
Adrenaline: Initiates response to stress
– fight or flight
MEANS: Structure
Help form body
structures
Collagen: skin, cartilage
(nose and ears), tendons
(muscles to bones), bone
(about 30% of bone)
Elastin: lines blood
vessels, ligaments
(bones to bones)
Keratin: hair, nails,
claws, horns
In class activity

Protein beads