Communication: Models, Types,

Purposes, and Principles

1. demonstrate
understanding on the
principles and purposes
of communication
process;
2. compare and contrast
the different models of
communication process;
3. explain the different
types of communication.
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 Every day of our lives, we deal with

people, we communicate with people—
with family, with friends, with teachers,
with colleagues, even with strangers.
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 it is through communication that we are

able to forge friendships and form social,
business, romantic, and all other forms
of relationships.
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 Moreover, without communication, no

idea will ever be expressed, and no
problem will ever be solved. It is through
communication that world leaders are
able to solve international disputes
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• Simply put, communication is the

exchange of ideas, thoughts, and
information from one source to another.
• And all the spheres of human existence
continue to thrive, continue to succeed
because of communication.
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• Engineering, technology, education,

religion, government, economics— all
these and more continue to advance
because of communication.
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 It is therefore important that we are

familiar with a particular language so
that we can understand it and use it in
the communication process.
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Model of Communication Process

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Elements of the Communication Process

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1. Sender— is the source of the

message, the one who encodes
the message.
 The sender is the one who
transforms thoughts into
messages.
 The primary responsibility of the
sender is to convey the message
in the most comprehensible way
possible.
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2. Receiver— is the recipient of the

message from the sender.
 The receiver is the one who decodes
and processes the information conveyed
by the sender.
 The primary responsibility of the
receiver is to understand the message.
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3. Message— is the body of

information that is sent by the
sender to the receiver.
 It refers to anything that is
communicated by the sender to the
receiver.
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4. Channel— is what connects
the sender to the receiver.
 It is the means of accessing
the message sent by the
sender to the receiver.
 For example, mobile phones
are commonly used as
channels of communication
nowadays.
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5. Feedback— is the response of the

receiver to the sender.
 Feedback is not always available in the
communication process.
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6. Interference/Noise— is what impedes

the communication process.
 It refers to the distractions that
interfere with the accurate
transmission and reception of the
message from the sender to the
receiver.
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Types of Interference
• Internal— psychological or physiological
noise within the communicator.
• External— noise in the form of sights and
sounds.
• Semantic— language barrier between
the communicators.
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7. Situation/ Context— refers to all the

interrelated conditions in the
communication process.
 Sometimes, the context or situation
helps in the success of the
communication process, and sometimes
it does not.
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Other Communication Models

1. Shannon and Weaver Communication
Model
2. SMCR Communication Model
3. Schramm Communication Model
4. Transactional Communication Model
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Shannon and Weaver Communication Model

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Shannon and Weaver Communication Model

 The model was designed by Claude
Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1949
mirroring radio and telephone
technologies.
 This model is said to be the first major
model for communication.
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Shannon and Weaver Communication Model

 They constructed this model based on the
following elements: information source, which
is the producer of the message; transmitter,
which encodes the message into signals;
channel, which adapts signals for
transmission; and destination, where the
message arrives.
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Shannon and Weaver Communication Model

• Shannon and Weaver also recognized
that there could be an interference or
noise in the transmission of the message.
 
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SMCR Communication Model

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SMCR Communication Model

 The SMCR model was designed by David Berlo
in 1960 which is an expansion of the Shannon
and Weaver communication model.
 SMCR stands for Sender-Message-Channel-
Receiver and it separates the elements of
communication into distinct parts.
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SMCR Communication Model

 The participants in the communication
process (the sender and the receiver) are
governed by factors like communication
skills, attitude, knowledge, social system,
and culture when they communicate.
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Schramm Communication Model

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Schramm Communication Model

 This model was designed by Wilbur
Schramm in 1954 which describes
communication along different major
dimensions.
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Schramm Communication Model

 It outlines what types of things are
communicated (message), by whom
(sender), in which form (form), through
which medium (channel), and to whom
(receiver).
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Schramm Communication Model

 Between or among the communicators,
communication may include sharing of
knowledge and ideas, giving of advice or
commands, or asking questions, among
others.
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Transactional Communication Model

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Transactional Communication Model

 The transactional model operates on the
premise that the communicators
simultaneously engage in the act of
sending and receiving of messages.
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Transactional Communication Model

 The model was proposed by Barlund in
2008, and it posits that how the
individual communicates determines the
way the message will be interpreted.
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Transactional Communication Model

 Furthermore, this model suggests that
both the sender and the receiver have
their own personal filters when they
send or receive messages.
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Transactional Communication Model

 These filters may include factors like
gender, age, culture, and value system,
among many others, which may alter the
intended meaning of the message.