Session 3

Part 1
Time, Speed and Distances (Chapter 8)

Part 2
The Various Norths (chapter 9)
1. True North;
2. Magnetic North, Magnetic Variation;
3. Compass North, Compass Deviation;
4. Conversion between the Norths

Part 3
Lines of Positions; Danger Bearings (chapter 10)
Dominique Prinet www.MarineNavigationBooks.com May 2021
 Part 1

Time, Speed and Distances (Chapter 8)

2
 TIME - SPEED - DISTANCE

60 D = ST

• D = Distance In Nautical Miles (NM)

• S = Speed in Knots (1 kn = 1 NM/h)
• T = Time in Minutes (min)

3
 TIME - SPEED - DISTANCE

60 D 60 X D
S =
S T T

4
 TIME - SPEED - DISTANCE

60 D 60 X D
T =
S T S

5
 TIME - SPEED - DISTANCE

60 D S X T
D =
S T 60

6
 Exercise 3.1 (Time, Speed, Distance)

  
a. S = 6.0 kn; D = 5.0 M; find T:

b. D = 5.3 M; T = 53 min; find S:

c. S = 4.2 kn; T = 1hr 40 min; find D:

7
 Exercise 3.1 (Time, Speed, Distance)

 
a. S = 6.0 kn; D = 5.0 M; T = 50 min

b. D = 5.3 M; T = 53 min; S = 6.0 kn

c. S = 4.2 kn; T = 1hr 40 min; D = 7.0 M

8
 Exercise 3.2 (Ded. Reckoning)

 
a. You plan a cruise from Georgina Point light, (top of Mayne
island, north opening of Active Pass), leaving at 10:00 with a
speed of 6 kn on a course of 340° T. Plot your course, and your
DR at 10:45.

b. Once at this first DR, you turn to 040° T. Plot the new course,
and DR # 2 at 11:05. What are the coordinates of this second
DR?

9
 Exercise 3.2 ANSWER
Second DR at: 48° 58.2’ N 123° 17.9’
 

10
 Part 2

The Various Norths (chapter 9)

1. True North;
2. Magnetic North, Magnetic Variation;
3. Compass North, Compass Deviation;
4. Conversion between the Norths

11
1. True North

Direction of the Geographical Pole

Fig. 9.1
12
2. Magnetic North

Area of Convergence of the Earth’s

Magnetic Lines

13
Magnetic Variation

Angle (E. or W.) between

True North & Magnetic North

14
Fig. 9.2 15
Fig. 9.3
16
17
Early Chinese compass

18
Hand compass

19
Hand Bearing compass

20
 Hand Bearing compass

Fig. 10.4
21
3. Boat-compass North

Direction of the North given by the boat

compass
(slightly off from the Magnetic North)

22
The Boat Compass does not point exactly
towards the Magnetic North, because it is
affected by ferrous masses and electric
currents around the cockpit.

23
Electric wires, portable radios, binoculars, tools and other
ferro-magnetic objects will affect the boat compass

24
Note the E-W adjustment screws
25
Metal spheres can be used to adjust the
compass (especially in metal boats)

26
Compass Deviation

Angle (E. or W.) between Magnetic North &

Boat Compass

27
Fig. 9.6
28
Causes of Compass Deviation:

Local magnetic fields

• Magnetic masses (winches; magnets from
loud speakers under the canopy; radio nearby;
tools on the table…)
• Electric currents producing a magnetic
field (lights; remote controls…)

29
Fig. 9.7 30
4. Conversion between the Norths

-True to Magnetic; Magnetic to True

-Magnetic to Compass; Compass to Magnetic
-True to Compass; Compass to True

31
Fig. p. 60
32
33
34
35
36
 Examples

T V M D C
226 22 E

37
 T V M D C
226 22 E 204 3E

38
 T V M D C
226 22 E 204 3E 201
20 W 345

39
 T V M D C
226 22 E 204 3E 201
325 20 W 345 4W

40
 T V M D C
226 22 E 204 3E 201
325 20 W 345 4W 349
5W 003

41
 T V M D C
226 22 E 204 3E 201
325 20 W 345 4W 349
15 E 358 5W 003

42
 T V M D C
226 22 E 204 3E 201
325 20 W 345 4W 349
013 15 E 358 5W 003
355 08 W

43
 T V M D C
226 22 E 204 3E 201
325 20 W 345 4W 349
013 15 E 358 5W 003
355 08 W 003 6E

44
 T V M D C
226 22 E 204 3E 201
325 20 W 345 4W 349
013 15 E 358 5W 003
355 08 W 003 6E 357

45
 Exercises 3.3: T° to M°
 

Convert the following courses from True (T°) to Magnetic (M°),

assuming a Variation of 20° E.
 
a. 355° T
b. 267° T
c. 016° T

46
 Exercises 3.3: T° to M° ANSWERS
 

a. 355° T
b. 267° T
c. 016° T

T V M D C
355 20E 335
267 20E 247
016 20E 356

47
 Exercises 3.4: M° to T°
 

Convert the following courses from Magnetic (M°) to True (T°),

assuming a Variation of 20° E.
 
a. 237° M
b. 119° M
c. 353° M

48
 Exercises 3.4: M° to T°, ANSWERS
 

 
a. 237° M
b. 119° M
c. 353° M

T V M D C
257 20E 237
139 20E 119
013 20E 353

49
 Exercises 3.5: T° to C°
Convert the following courses from True (T°) to Compass (C°),
 

assuming a Variation of 20° E, and a Compass Deviation as recorded

in the attached table.
 
a. 023° T
b. 187° T
c. 017° T

50
 Exercises 3.5: T° to C° , ANSWERS
 
a. 023° T
b. 187° T
c. 017° T

T V M D C
023 20E 003 06W 009
187 20E 167 05E 162
017 20E 357 06W 003

51
 Exercises 3.6: C° to T°
Convert the following courses from Compass (C°) to True (T°),
 

assuming a Variation of 20° E, and a Compass Deviation as recorded

in the attached table.
 
a. 013° C
b. 187° C
c. 353° C

52
 Exercises 3.6: C° to T° , ANSWERS
 
 

a. 013° C
b. 187° C
c. 353° C

T V M D C
027 20E 007 06W 013
212 20E 192 05E 187
007 20E 347 06W 353

53
 Part 3

Lines of Position; Danger Bearings (Chapter 10)

54
• !!!!
– Bearings are taken from the boat with the Hand-
Bearing Compass: THEY ARE MAGNETIC! Convert
to TRUE in order to plot on the chart.

55
• NB:
– 1. The “Time of the bearing” is the time of the
bearing at 90° from the boat: it is the one
changing most rapidly.

– 2. The highest precision is obtained with bearings

from close landmarks.

56
 Best precision: two LOPs crossing at about 90°

Fig. 10.1

57
 Lops crossing at close to 0° or 180 °: poor precision

Fig. 10.2
58
• NB:
– With two bearings only, any error might not be
noticeable.

– Sources of error:
• 1. Error in identifying the landmark (i.e. wrong
lighthouse)
• 2. Error in the conversion from M° to T°

– A three-bearing sight avoids any error

59
For three LOPs: best precision at about 120°

60
 Assume the worse!

Fig. 10.3
61
 Sight with a hand bearing compass

Fig. 10.4
62
Place the edge of the protractor on the landmark, North up.
Mark the center of the protractor (pencil in the small hole)

63
Fig. 10.5
 Draw the LOP from the landmark to the center and beyond.

64
Fig. 10.6
 65
Fig. 10.7
 Example

• Pt Cowan: 281 M (09:15)

• Pt Atkinson: 037 M (09:15)
• FL light at W end of the North Arm jetty (SW of
UBC): 143 M (09:15)

– Where are we? (Use V = 20° E)

66
 Answer 1: Conversion to True degrees

T V M D C
• Pt Cowan: 301 20 E 281
• Pt Atkinson: 057 20 E 037
• N jetty: 163 20 E 143

67
 Answer 2: plot
Fix: 49° 18.8’ N - 123° 18.3’ W

68
 Exercise 3.9

• Sights at 11:15. Plot on the attached

representation of a Mercator chart, with the
lighthouse and water tower.

– Light House: 282° M

– Water Tower: 214° M

Where are we? (Use V = 20° E)

69
Exercise 3.9, LOP ( 2 sights)

70
 Exercise 3.9, ANSWER

282° M = 302° T
214° M = 234° T

71
 Exercise 3.10, LOP (3 sights)
While on a passage from Nanaimo to the Sand Head’s
Light (SW of Vancouver airport), you record the following
bearings at 08:25 and fix your position. Use V=20° E.  
Entrance Is. Light. 095° M
Hudson Rocks Lt.227° M
Snake Is. Lt. 160° M

Plot your 08:25 Fix on

the South Georgia chart.

72
095° M = 115° T
227° M = 247° T Exercise 3.10 ANSWER
160° M = 180° T
Location: 49° 14.1’ - 123° 53.4’

73
 Artificial Transit + Bearing

Fig. 10.8 74
Fig. 10.9 75
 Natural Transit + Bearing

Fig. 10.10 76
 Example of Natural Bearings: Porlier Pass

Fig. 10.11 77
 Be imaginative:
Use the Left Hand Edge (LHE) of an island

Fig. 10.12
78
 Be imaginative (2):
Use the Right Hand Edge (RHE) of an island

Fig. 10.13 79
 Exercise 3.11: Natural range + RHE

On a cruise out of Nanaimo, you note that, at 10:00, the

Nanaimo Bridge is just visible through the gap between
Newcastle and Protection islands.

You also see, in your hand-bearing compass, the RHE of Gabriola

Island at 148° M (V=20° E). What is the type of Aid to Navigation
200 m to the NW of your boat?

80
 Exercise 3.11, ANSWER: Boat at 49° 12.3’ N - 123° 53.0’ W
(Starboard Lateral Buoy with Bell 200m to the NW)

148° M = 168°T
81
 Be imaginative (3):
Use a Mountain Top and Leading Line

Fig. 10.14 82
 Be imaginative (4):
Use a Bearing and a Depth Contour Line

Fig. 10.15 83
 Exercise 3.12: Sight + Depth

• Sight on Pt Atkinson at 08:00 = 025° M

• Depth: 100 m
– Where are we? (Use V = 20° E)

84
 Exercise 3.12: ANSWER
Boat at 49° 19.3’ N, 123° 16.7’ W

025° M = 045° T

85
 Danger Bearings, convergent
Like sector lights, they define safe sectors.

86
Exercise 3.13: Danger Bearings

87
Exercise 3.13: Danger Bearings

88
Exercise 3.13, Danger Bearings: Answer
279° T = 259° M
289° T = 269° M

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The End

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