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RT L1 Sar 21jul2020
RT L1 Sar 21jul2020
Level 2
Introduction to
Radiographic Testing
Radiography
3. Radiography is an expensive
testing method.
4. Film radiography is time
consuming.
5. Some surface discontinuities or
shallow discontinuities may be
difficult, if not impossible, to
detect.
Test Objective
The objective of radiographic testing
is to ensure product reliability.
Performing the actual radiographic
test is only part of the procedure.
The test results must then be
interpreted to acceptance standards
by qualified personnel, and an
evaluation of the results must be
made.
Safety Considerations
a. Level I.
b. Level II.
c. Level III.
Certification
1. The formal certification of a person
in NDT to a Level I, Level II and
Level III is a written testimony that
the individual has been properly
qualified.
2. Certification is meant to document
the actual qualification of the
individual in a specific NDT method.
Certification
Equipment
X-Ray Equipment
There are three basic requirements
for the generation of X-rays:
1. A source of free electrons.
2. A means of rapidly accelerating
the beam of electrons.
3. A suitable target material to stop
the electrons.
Portable X-Ray Units
Radiographic Film
Introduction
1. Radiographic film consists of:
a. Base: A thin, transparent plastic
sheet.
b. Emulsion coat: A coat of an
emulsion of gelatin about
0.001 in. (0.003 cm) thick on
one or both sides. The emulsion
coat contains very fine grains of
silver bromide (AgBr).
Introduction
d. Film screen.
e. Film processing.
f. Scattered radiation.
Subject Contrast
d. Film manufacturers’
recommendations for film
selection are a useful tool in
selecting the proper film for a
given application.
Film Processing
a. Follow manufacturer
recommendations for
chemical concentrations,
temperature and processing
time.
b. Use equipment, tanks, trays
and holders that can
withstand the chemical action.
Film Selection Factors
Safety
Introduction
3. Personnel protection is
dependent upon detection
devices, as well as the proper
use of time, distance and
shielding.
Introduction
3. 1 Ci = 37 GBq (gigabecquerel),
where giga = 109.
Coulomb per Kilogram
Replaces Roentgen
1. Coulomb (C) is the unit of
electrical charge, where:
1 C = 1 ampere × 1 s
2. 1 R = 258 microcoulombs per
kilogram of air (258 µC·kg–1 of
air).
Gray (Gy) Replaces Rad
Or
b. The sum of the deep dose and
the committed dose
equivalent to any individual
organ or tissue other than the
lens of the eye being equal to
50 rem (0.5 Sv).
Maximum Permissible Dose
1 hour 2 (0.02)
1. Film badges.
2. Thermoluminescent dosimeters
(TLDs).
3. Optically stimulated
luminescence badges (OSL).
Personnel Monitoring
3. In areas of low-intensity
radiation, radiation intensity
measurements are usually made
with geiger-mueller counters.
4. Ionization chambers should be
calibrated annually.
Geiger-Mueller Counters
1. Geiger-mueller counters are highly
sensitive radiation detection
devices.
2. Geiger-mueller counters are
typically accurate to ±20% for the
quantity of radiation to which they
are calibrated.
3. They should be calibrated annually.
Area Alarm Systems