Inverting and

Non-inverting Amplifier
The Basic Inverting Amplifier
An inverting amplifier (also known as an inverting
operational amplifier or an inverting op-amp) is a type of
operational amplifier circuit which produces an output
which is out of phase with respect to its input by 180o.
This means that if the input pulse is positive, then the
output pulse will be negative and vice versa.

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 Inverting Amplifier
 The i/p voltage to be amplified is fed to the inverting
i/p
 A fraction of the o/p signal is fed back to the op-
amp through the inverting i/p.
 R2 is the feedback resistance in this circuit
 Since we have used the inverting i/p, the o/p is out
of phase with the i/p signal.
 This process is called negative feedback.

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 Inverting Amplifier
 It is called negative feedback because the overall
gain of the amplifier reduces.
 So why use negative feedback if gain is reduced?
The gain is constant over a wide range of input
frequencies and input voltages.
Stability is greater
Amplification is linear – i.e. distortion of o/p is less
Gain is independent of the characteristics of op
amp.

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 Transfer Characteristics of Inverting Amplifier
Vo

saturation
+Vs

B Vin

-Vs saturation

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 How to Calculate the Gain?
 For an Inverting amplifier:
Gain = -R2 / R1

Example : if R2 is 100 kilo-ohm and R1 is 10 kilo-ohm,

Gain = -100 / 10 = -10
If the input voltage is 0.5V then the output voltage
would be Vin x Gain:

Vout = 0.5V X -10 = -5V

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 Problem 1:
In this circuit, we want a gain of ten.  If R1 is 5 K ohm,
what is the value you need to use for R0?  Give your
answer in ohms.

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 Problem 2:
In this circuit, you have it set up for a gain of -10.  The
input voltage is 0.24v.  What is the output voltage?

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 Solving the Amplifier Circuit

Apply KCL at the inverting input:

R2
i2
R1
–
i1 i-

i1 + i2 + i-=0
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 KCL

10
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 Solve for Vo

Amplifier gain: Thus, Gain of an

op-amp
depends only
on the two
resistances and
not on the op-
amp
characteristics
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 Assumptions made in deriving gain equation

 Each input draws zero current from the signal

source.
Typically, i/p current is 1A
That is, input impedances are infinite

 The i/ps are both at the same potential if the op-

amp is not saturated.

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 Non-inverting Amplifier
A non-inverting amplifier is an op-amp circuit
configuration that produces an amplified output signal
and this output signal of the non-inverting op-amp is
in-phase with the applied input signal.

In other words, a non-inverting amplifier behaves like

a voltage follower circuit. A non-inverting amplifier
also uses a negative feedback connection, but
instead of feeding the entire output signal to the input,
only a part of the output signal voltage is fed back as
input to the inverting input terminal of the op-amp.

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 Non-inverting Amplifier

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 Non-inverting Amplifier
 The output (Vo) is in phase with the input.
 Rf and Ri form a voltage divider circuit.
 A fraction of o/p voltage (Vo) developed across Rf is
fed back to the inverting i/p
 This fraction is called feedback factor and is given
by  = Ri / (Ri + Rf)
 Gain of this amplifier is:
A = 1 + Rf
Ri
 There is no virtual earth at the non-inverting i/p
terminal.

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 Non-inverting op amp

–
+
Rf
Vo
Vi
Ri

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 Transfer Characteristics of a Non-
inverting Amplifier
Vo
saturation
+Vs
V2 > V1
A
B V2 – V 1
V2 < V1

-Vs
saturation

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