COMPOUND CYLINDERS

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Introduction
The hoop (circumferential) stress varies greatly across the cylinder wall 
The material is not fully utilized, especially near the outside surface
Cylinders are often built by shrinking one tube on the outside of the other, to
obtain a more uniform stress distribution
On cooling, the outer tube is under tension and the inner tube in
compression.
Subjecting the compound pressure then;

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Compound cylinders of same material
Method of analysis
 Break down the problem into three separate effects:
 Shrinkage pressure only on the inside cylinder
 Shrinkage pressure only on the outside cylinder
 Internal pressure only on the compound cylinder

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Compound cylinders of same material
 For each condition has two conditions of that enable determination of A and
B
For shrinkage – Internal cylinder
 At , and
 At ,

For shrinkage – Outer cylinder

 At , and
 At ,

For internal pressure – Compound cylinder

 At , and
 At , 4
Shrinkage or interference allowance

 A clearance (difference) in diameter of the two mating cylinders during

construction = shrinkage or interference allowance

Shrinking process
 A compound cylinder is formed by heating the outer cylinder until it can
freely slide on the inner one
 The shrinkage pressure is thus formed on cooling

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Shrinkage or interference allowance

 Letting;
P = The pressure set up due to shrinkage
Hoop stress set up on the inner cylinder (compressive)
Hoop stress set up on the outer cylinder (tensile)
Radial shift of the outer cylinder
Radial shift of the inner cylinder
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Shrinkage or interference allowance

 Since diametral strain = circumferential strain, then;

 Circumferential strain of the outer cylinder,

 Circumferential of the inner cylinder,

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Shrinkage or interference allowance

 Total interference or shrinkage,

 Assuming open ends, , hence,

[i.e. and,
[i.e.
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Shrinkage or interference allowance

 The total interference based on radius,

 is compressive and thus negative.

 Generally tubes are normally constructed of the same material and hence,
E1 = E2 = E and , hence;

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Hub and solid shaft

 From the Lame’ equations ( and )

 and can not be infinite at the centre, when r = 0;

 At the shaft surface, shrinkage pressure

 Hoop and radial stresses at all values of r = shrinkage pressure
 For this case,

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Force fits
 The outer cylinder is pressed on an inner cylinder with help of an axial force,
 The interference allowance between the 2 cylinders is too small

 Normal force between the cylinders,

P = Shrinkage pressure & L = Axial length

 Frictional force to be overcome by the axial force

 Knowing the applied force, the value of P may be obtained

 If the interference allowance is known, the shrinkage pressure, P can
be obtained and then the required axial F determined

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Compound cylinders with different materials
 From,

 For a known value of shrinkage, the set up pressure shrinkage pressure,

P, can be determined by treating the individual cylinder separately.

Treatment of the compound cylinder due to internal pressure

 A single Lame’ equation cannot be developed that applies for the
compound thickness
 The effect of internal pressure is also analyzed by considering each
cylinder separately

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Compound cylinders with different materials
 For a complete solution, equality of the diametral strain at the common
junction is normally taken,
 Since diametral strain = Circumferential strain, then;

= Elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the outer cylinder material

= Elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the inner cylinder material
radial stress at the common surface
= Hoop stress at the common surface of the outer and inner cylinder
respectively

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Uniform heating of cylinders with different materials
 When compound tubes are of different materials, each will attempt to
expand at a different rate due to the difference in the values of coefficient of
expansion of the materials

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Uniform heating of cylinders with different materials
 Using concepts of MEC1204,
Compression of steel + Compression of brass = Difference in “free” lengths
Hence,

initial nominal diameter of the mating surface

But, and

Substituting for and with

and can be obtained in terms of Pt

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Failure theory – yield criterion of thick cylinders
 The Tresca (maximum shear stress) criterion is normally used for ductile
materials
 Failure occurs when shear stress in the cylinder is equal to shear stress at
yield point in a simple tension test for the material
Hence, and

 For brittle materials e.g. cast iron, the Rankine (Maximum Principal stress)
is used  Failure occurs when hoop stress exceeds the direct yield stress
Hence,

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Wire – wound thick cylinders
 If a thick cylinder with inner and outer radii R1 and R2 is wound with a wire
to a radius R3, and developed in the cylinder depend on the way the tension
T in the wire varies.

Stresses in the wire

 The combined tube and wire can be considered as a compound thick cylinder
 The tension in the wire produces an effective external pressure on the tube
and hence a compressive hoop stress
 For a thick cylinder subjected to an external pressure, P
and
Hence,

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Wire – wound thick cylinders
 If the initial tension in the wire is T, then;
(6.9)
But it was shown earlier, that,
Hence,

 Multiplying through by and rearranging,

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Wire – wound thick cylinders
 Integrating on both sides,

 when r = R3, hence,

Hence,

(6.10)
 Substituting for into (6.9)
(6.11)

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Wire – wound thick cylinders
 Stresses in the tube can be obtained by considering it as a thick cylinder
subjected to pressure P2 at the outer radius.
 P2 = radial stress obtained from (6.10) at r = R2

 If an additional internal pressure is applied to the wire – wound cylinder, it

may be treated as a single thick cylinder and the resulting stresses combined
algebraically with those due to winding to obtain the resultant effect.

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