MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Mr. Imakando C. I.
BScED (UNZA), MSc Ecology (PSU – Thailand)
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
• Why do cells divide?

1. Cells absorb and release nutrients through their membranes

 The larger the cells the harder it is to get rid of the waste that is produced
inside the cells.

2. Growth
 This is as a result of mitosis
 The more cells and organism the larger it is – humans move from a single
cell to over trillion cells in adults
 Increase in number allows cells to be specialized for various functions
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
• Why do cells divide?

3. Repair
 Results from mitosis
 Repair of damaged tissues, skin, blood vessels and bones
 Replacement of dead cells
 Did you know that you have a “new skin every 28 days (old ones died and
new ones took their place)

4. Reproduction
 Results from both mitosis and meiosis depending on the type of
reproduction
 Asexual reproduction if when there is only one parent
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
• Why do cells divide?

4. Reproduction

Asexual reproduction results from normal cell division (found in bacteria,

protists, fungi, some plants etc)

The offspring from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to that of

the parent

The other type of reproduction is called sexual reproduction. This is when

the offspring have a combination of both parents DNA
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

THE CELL CYCLE

• HOW DO CELLS KNOW WHEN TO DIVIDE?

 There are hormones in an organism’s body that sends signals to the

cells to prepare for division when needed.

 The stage for sending the hormones is part of the cell cycle which is
made up of various phases, beginning at the start of one cell division
and ending at the start of another.

 There are two main parts of the cell cycle;

1. Interphase
2. Cell division
THE CELL CYCLE
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

THE CELL CYCLE

1. INTERPHASE

– This is for growth and preparation

– It occurs between divisions and is the longest phase in the cell cycle

– Usually makes up about 90% of the time spent in the cell cycle

– This is not a “resting” period, but time for preparation for the next division
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

THE CELL CYCLE

1. INTERPHASE
• there are three stages in interphase:
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

THE CELL CYCLE

1. INTERPHASE
• G1
– Period where the cell grows and develops
– The time spent in the G1 phase vary because some cells divide more actively than
others
– There is no cell division during this phase

• S
– Cells are committed to cell division
– The chromosomes (including the DNA) begin to replicate, making a copy of itself
– This results into two identical copies of chromosomes, called sister chromatids
– the two sister chromatids are attached to each other at a point called the
centromere
– This phase is important because it allows there to be two full sets of DNA in each of
the new cells, at the end of the division
 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

THE CELL CYCLE

1. INTERPHASE
• G2
– Organelles and other material required for cell division are replicated or
formed

– For example the centrioles in the animal cells replicates at this stage to form
two pairs
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase IPMATC
Telophase
Cytokinesis

I Pray More At The Church

Julie Camp’s mitosis power point - http://sciencespot.net/Pages/classbio.html#Anchor-mitosis
 MITOSIS
• MITOSIS is a form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two
daughter cells with the same genetic component as the parent cell

• Mitosis forms somatic (body) cells. These cells have a 2n or diploid

number of chromosomes

• It takes place in all of the cells in the body except for those
responsible for “sex cell” production.

• This type of cell division is responsible for growth, repair, tumor

formation and asexual reproduction
MITOSIS
Vocabulary
• Diploid • Interphase
• Haploid • Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis
MITOSIS

Interphase occurs just before

Mitosis begins:

1. DNA is replicated
along with
organelles and other
cellular components

2. The cell prepares for

division.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
MITOSIS
Mitosis Interphase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MITOSIS
1 step in Mitosis:
st

Prophase (preparation phase)

1. Chromosomes pair up

2. Chromosomes thicken and shorten

 Become visible

 Chromatids joined by a
centromere

3. Centrioles move to the opposite

side of the nucleus

4. The nuclear membrane disappears

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
MITOSIS
1 step in Mitosis
st

Prophase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MITOSIS
2 step in Mitosis:
nd

Metaphase (organizational phase)

• The chromosomes line up the
middle of the cell with the help of
spindle fibers attached to the
centromere of each replicated
chromosome.

• Homologous chromosomes do not

associate

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
MITOSIS
2 step in Mitosis
nd

Metaphase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MITOSIS
MITOSIS
3rd step in Mitosis:
Anaphase (separation phase)

The chromosomes
split in the middle
and the sister
chromatids are
pulled by the spindle
fibers to opposite
poles of the cell.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
MITOSIS
3 step in Mitosis
rd

Anaphase
Animal cell
Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MITOSIS
4th step in Mitosis:
Telophase
• The spindle fibers disintegrate

• Nuclear membrane forms

• The chromosomes, along with

the cytoplasm and its organelles
and membranes are divided into
2 portions. This diagram shows
the end of Telophase.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
MITOSIS
4th step in Mitosis
Telophase
Animal cell Plant cell

Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm

MITOSIS
After Mitosis:
Cytokinesis
Beginning of cytokinesis in a plant:

The actual splitting of

the daughter cells into
two separate cells is
called cytokinesis and
Beginning of cytokinesis in an animal:
occurs differently in
both plant and animal
Cells.

http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/1110Lab/notes/notes1/lab6.htm
MITOSIS

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase IPMATC
Telophase
Cytokinesis

I Pray More At The Church

Julie Camp’s mitosis power point - http://sciencespot.net/Pages/classbio.html#Anchor-mitosis
 Meiosis
• It is a form of eukaryotic cell division that produces haploid sex cells
or gametes (which contain a single copy of each chromosome) from
diploid cells/parents (which contain two copies of each chromosome

• The process takes the form of one DNA replication followed by two
successive nuclear and cellular divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)

• This takes place only in sexually reproducing organisms

MEIOSIS
Vocabulary
• Diploid • Interphase
• Haploid • Prophase
• Germ cell • Metaphase
• Somatic cell • Anaphase
• Telophase
• Cytokinesis
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
Meiosis Interphase
Meiosis is preceded by
interphase. The
chromosomes have not
yet condensed.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Meiosis Interphase

The chromosomes have

replicated, and the
chromatin begins to
condense.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Meiosis Prophase I

• The chromosomes
are completely
condensed.

• In meiosis (unlike
mitosis), the
homologous
chromosomes pair
with one another

• Crossing over takes

place
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Prophase I - Synapsis
maternal paternal
Homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids Tetrad

sister chromatids
MEIOSIS

Crossing Over
• Crossing over occurs between nonsister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes at the chiasmata (point of crossing over)

• Segments of nonsister chromatids break and reattach to the other

chromatid
MEIOSIS
Crossing Over Generates Genetic Variation
nonsister chromatids Tetrad

M P
M P M/P P/M

chiasmata: site variation

of crossing over
MEIOSIS
Consequences of Meiotic
Recombination (Crossing Over)

• Exchange of genetic material between maternal & paternal

homologous chromosomes

• Generates genetic variation

• Ensures normal chromosome disjunction

MEIOSIS
Meiosis Metaphase I

• The nuclear
membrane dissolves
and the homologous
chromosomes attach
to the spindle fibers.

• The chromosomes
are preparing to go to
opposite poles.
http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Independent Assortment Generates
Genetic Diversity
• Orientation of homologous pair to poles is random

• 223 = > 8 million combinations

• Combining with crossing over results in > 6 x 1020 unique possibilities

for a single germ cell
MEIOSIS
Meiosis Anaphase I
The chromosomes
move to opposite
ends of the cell.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Meiosis Telophase I & Cytokinesis

The cell begins to divide

into two daughter cells.
It is important to
understand that each
daughter cell can get
any combination of
maternal and paternal
chromosomes.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS

Meiosis II
• No interphase II
– or very short - no more DNA replication

• Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

MEIOSIS
Meiosis Prophase II
The cell has divided into
two daughter cells.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Meiosis Metaphase II
As in Meiosis I, the
chromosomes line up
on the spindle fibers.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Meiosis Anaphase II
The two cells each
begin to divide. As in
Meiosis I, the
chromosomes move to
opposite ends of each
cell.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Telophase II & Cytokinesis
With the formation of
four cells, meiosis is
over. Each of these
prospective germ cells
carries half the number
of chromosomes of
somatic cells.

http://morgan.rutgers.edu/MorganWebFrames/Level1/Page7/meiosis1.html
MEIOSIS
Summary of Meiosis I and II
• Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes

– Resulting in 2 daughter cells

– Haploid chromosome content (#23)

– Diploid DNA content (2n)

• Meiosis II separates sister chromatids (similar to mitosis)

– Resulting ultimately in 4 daughter cells

– Haploid chromosome content (# 23)

– Haploid DNA content (1n)

Meiosis in Males and Females!!!
Meiosis Differs Between Males and Females
MEIOSIS

Meiosis Differs Between Males and

Females
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis

Meiosis I Meiosis I
polar body

Meiosis II Meiosis II

Four haploid gametes One haploid gamete

MEIOSIS

Fertilization
• The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote
• A zygote is a fertilized egg

sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote
MEIOSIS

Genetic Consequences of Meiosis

• Reduction of chromosome number & DNA content

• Meiotic recombination (crossing over)

– Increases genetic variation

– Ensures normal chromosome disjunction

• Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes

– Increases genetic variation

MEIOSIS
Elucidation of Meiosis Provided a
Mechanism for Mendel’s Laws
• Mendel's Law of Segregation

– Homologs of a gene pair each go to a different cell during cell division

• Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

– Homologs from various chromosome pairs are randomly distributed to cells

 MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
Mitosis & Meiosis Compared
Mitosis Meiosis
Location all tissues ovary/testis

oducts diploid somatic cells haploid egg/sperm

DNA replication one round one round
Cell division one round two rounds
Pairing of homologs rare & abnormal yes (meiosis I)
Recombination rare & abnormal yes (at least once
per chromosome arm)
Relationship between genetically identical different (recombination,
daughter cells independent assortment
homologs,
segregation of alleles)
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
Mitosis & Meiosis Compared
 Meiosis
One diploid (2n) --> Four haploid (1n) cells
Reduces chromosome # from
46 --> 23

Reduces the DNA content from

2n --> 1n

Mitosis
One diploid (2n) cell --> two diploid daughter cells
Maintains chromosome #
46 --> 46

Maintains DNA content

2n --> 2n