Performance-Based Seismic Design

of Lifeline Buildings
Guide: Dr. Ganesh D. Awchat
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering &Technology
Nanded, Maharashtra- 431606
Email: gdawchat@sggs.ac.in
Name : Rajat Abhay Sirsikar
Co-Guide: Dr. Shri Kalyana Rama J
Reg. No. : 2019MSE001
Professor, Civil Engineering Department
Coordinator, Research and Development-VBIT Class : S.Y. M.Tech
Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology (Autonomous) Branch : Structural Engineering
Hyderabad, Telangana, India- 501301
College : SGGSIE&T Nanded
Email: kalyan@vbithyd.ac.in
Problem Statement
• The assessment of non-structural damages indicates that there is a need for an integrated design
philosophy with application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for lifeline structures.
Results of numerical simulations presented by several researchers rarely match with experimental
results. Without thorough understanding, the inclusion of NSCs in an integrated design philosophy
cannot be achieved. With several efforts been made, detailed guidelines should be provided to
effectively include NS elements in the design.
• Existing Building Codes do not specify the performance criteria of individual structural members
under various levels of shaking during earthquake or ground motions.
• In India, there is no proper description of 'Earthquake-Resistant' building. Strict guidelines must be
laid down that all buildings should be designated, designed and offered as 'Earthquake-Resistant-
Collapse Prevention/Life Safety/Immediate Occupancy'. It is interesting to know that India is the
only seismic-prone country in the world that has neither its own Performance-Based Seismic
Design (PSBD) Code nor a dedicated Hospital Design Code.
Current Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophies
Seismic Design
Stiffness-Based Design Strength-Based Design Performance-Based Design Energy-Based Design
Design for Ki Design for Ki, VBD Design for Ki, VBD, Δmax Design for Ki, VBD, Δmax, E
Insufficient for Currently in Practice Currently under Development Currently under Research
Earthquake-Resistant
Design

Force Design Capacity Design

(1) No hierarchy of relative
strengths of members
(2) Design of members for
shear independent of P-M
interaction
(1) Strong-Column Weak-Beam
Philosophy
(2) Design of members for
shear dependent of P-M
interaction

Levels of EQRD 1 2 3
Mandatory for Normal buildings in low seismic Normal buildings in Critical and Lifeline buildings
zones moderate/high seismic zones
Optional for Normal buildings in low seismic Normal buildings in
zones moderate/high seismic
zones
Performance-Based Seismic Design
PBSD allows design of new structures or upgradation of existing structures with a practical
understanding of the risk, occupancy and monetary loss. It is an approach to obtain buildings that
perform better than typical code conforming buildings. PBSD of structures is required to build new
or hybrid systems, not envisioned by code. In PBSD, performance objectives are selected as per
owner’s priorities. A performance objective specifies permissible risk and the significant losses due
to damages, at a specific seismic hazard. Then, through a series of analyses, the probable
performance of building is estimated. The design is complete when the performance meets or
exceeds performance objectives.
Evolution of Performance-Based Seismic Design
Initial developments
1. SEAOC 1960 Report: It considers the seismic hazard, performance and dynamics.
2. Portland Cement Association: This publication introduced Performance-Based Seismic Evaluation (PBSE) methods,
which consider dynamics, energy, inelastic response, and pushover analysis.
3. ATC-13 (1985): It estimates the likely repair costs for buildings.
4. ATC 14 (1987): It evaluates seismic hazards for certain model building typologies.
First Generation PBD techniques
1. SEAOC Vision 2000: Performance objectives (POs) are expressed as transient and permanent drift.
2. ATC 40 (1996): POs are expressed as damages due to structural and NS elements for specified levels of hazard.
3. FEMA 273 (1997): It estimates the ultimate displacement of a nonlinear system.
4. ASCE 41: A framework for existing buildings with rehabilitation objectives.

Second Generation PBD techniques

1. FEMA 349 (2000): It provides design methodology and case studies.
2. FEMA 356: This standard recommended four analysis methods: Force-based linear static and dynamic, Displacement-
based nonlinear static and dynamic procedures.
3. ATC 58 (2003): Four areas for improvements suggested were: performance levels, levels of analysis, performance metrics
and risk concepts.
4. FEMA 445 (2006): A stepwise task-oriented program that provide guidelines for NSCs and structural elements for new
and existing structures.
Next Generation PBD techniques
1. HAZUS: Hazards U.S. is a software for estimation of losses. It develops correlation between seismic intensity, damage,
and losses.
2. POs are classified based on intensity, scenario and time risks.
Literature Review
Title of Paper
Comparison of Nonlinear
Static Methods for the
Seismic Assessment of Plan
Irregular Frame Buildings
with Non-Seismic Details
Effect of irregular plan on
seismic vulnerability of
reinforced concrete
buildings
Analysis in seismic
provisions for buildings:
past, present and future
Subject Author Observation Gap Found
To verify the validity of Carlos Bhatt & Rita CSM-FEMA440 and Different typologies should be
Nonlinear Static Bento ACSM are the methods that further tested in order to get
Procedures (NSPs) on better matched the definitive answers about the
the assessment of nonlinear dynamic median applicability of nonlinear static
irregular structures. response profiles. procedures on real existing
buildings.
To know the difference Akshay Ahirwal, Base shear for regular Discontinuous diaphragms are
in seismic response of Kirti Gupta, and diaphragm building is more designed without stress
two building having Vaibhav Singh than irregular diaphragm calculations
diaphragm discontinuity building. Joint
and without diaphragm displacement in regular
discontinuity. diaphragm building is 15%
more than irregular
diaphragm building
Development of seismic Peter Fajfar Pushover-based methods the large uncertainties which
provisions as related to are a simpler option, are related to both ground
analysis is summarized, combining a nonlinear motion and the modelling of
the present state is static (pushover) analysis structures do not permit
discussed, and possible with the response spectrum accurate predictions of the
further developments approach. They represent a structural response during
are envisaged. rational practice-oriented future earthquakes.
tool for the seismic
analysis of many but not all
structures.
Title of Paper Subject Author Observation Gap Found
Non-structural In Nepal, a devastating Dixit, Yatabe, This non-structural component There is an alarming situation in most of
earthquake earthquake is inevitable in the Guragain, Dahal assessment study largely helped to the hospital buildings and demands an
vulnerability long term and likely in the near & Bhandary convince the government officials, immediate action to achieve the standard
assessment of major future. So a non-structural hospitals authorities and political acceptable level of safety. A significant
hospital buildings in earthquake vulnerability leaders on the affordability and improvement in the already employed
Nepal assessment study was carried possibility of constructing earthquake construction methods is required.
out in the selected main resistant non-structural components in
hospitals of Nepal. the hospitals of Nepal using slight
improvement in the already employed
methods of construction.

Performance-Based The performance-based seismic
Seismic Design of design of nonstructural elements
Nonstructural through a direct displacement-
Building Elements based methodology applicable
to nonstructural elements
attached to a single location in
the supporting structure and for
which damage is the result of
excessive displacements.
Filiatrault, The fundamentals of direct The proposed design procedure applies
Perrone, Merino displacement-based seismic design are mainly to acceleration-sensitive
& Calvi presented along with a description of nonstructural elements suspended or
the modifications required for its anchored at a single location (floor) in the
application to nonstructural elements. supporting structure and for which
damage is the result of excessive
displacements (e.g., piping systems, cable
trays, suspended ceilings, etc.).

The draft code for Development of the seismic Qiang Xue, Chia- If the same column size has been In this draft code, the design of
performance-based design draft code for buildings Wei Wu, Cheng- adopted for the first several floors, a nonstructural components is done as usual
seismic design of in Taiwan using performance Chung Chen, higher reinforcement ratio assigned to to accommodate either acceleration or
buildings in Taiwan based seismic design Kuo-Ching Chen the first 2 stories is helpful for uniform displacement. No specific criterion
methodology distribution of system ductility. regarding economic loss is provided. The
nonstructural damage is limited by the
structural drift limit. Future research will
focus on the nonstructural damage,
reliability analysis, and life-cycle cost.
Title of Paper Subject Author Observation Gap Found

Performance Evaluation of RC
Buildings Designed as per
Indian Seismic Codes: A Study
on Frames with Vertical
Geometric Irregularity
Vulnerability of asymmetric
multi-storey buildings in the
context of performance-based
seismic design
Safety vs. Economy in
Performance-Based Design of
Buildings: Inevitable
Compromise or False Dilemma?
Analyses on RC frames
designed as per the Indian
standards (IS 1893:2002
and IS 13920:1993 (2008))
and draft proposal (IITK-
GSDMA EQ 11 v 4.0,
2008) are done.
The main intent of this
study is to investigate the 3
D seismic demands of RC
asymmetric-plan structures
by employing
Displacement-based
Adaptive Pushover
methodology
Influence of the design
objective on the total cost
of buildings.
Manjula, The column/beam moment- Improvements to the design of irregular
Nagarajan, Pillai capacity ratio (M.R.) in IS frames can be made by reducing their
13920:2016 is found response reduction (R) factors and
uneconomical for regular following the M.R. value of 1.4 adopted in
frames. the recent code (13920:2016). A more
detailed study including different
geometric and stiffness irregularities can
lead to better conclusions
regarding the results presented in this
paper.
Mohammed It was concluded that the This paper shows that the investigation of
Hentri, Miloud torsional seismic response of torsion in buildings is a complex problem
Hemsas & asymmetric structures is that requires further research efforts using
Djamel Nedjar significantly influenced by the other forms of advanced pushover
in-plan eccentricity changes, techniques as well as other sets of
and therefore it may be torsionally coupled buildings
concluded as one of the most representative of selected region.
important parameters to be
considered in future seismic
design process.
Grigorios E. The whole investigation It is doubtful whether the selection of a
Manoukas & demonstrates that designing lower design objective is more economical
Asimina M. for elastic response against the in the long run. Thus, a thorough
Athanatopoulou design earthquake is both the estimation of the eventual economic losses
safest and the most is necessary. General income losses are
economical in long-term significant for commercial buildings only,
option in the case of strong and they are not taken into account in the
seismic excitations. present study.
Objectives

1. To review and highlight the need for an Integrated Performance-Based Seismic Design of
Structural-Nonstructural Components in Lifeline Buildings.
2. To find critical dimensions of Structural members by conducting parametric study of
Performance-Based Seismic Design for G+4 Regular and 5 Plan Irregular Bare RC Frames
conforming to Clause 7.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 by Response Spectrum and Time-History
Methods in Zone IV and Zone V.
3. Comparative Performance-Based Seismic Design of Regular and all Vertical Irregular G+7 bare
RC Frames conforming to Clause 7.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 by Time-History method for
Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention in all seismic zones of India.
4. To improve performance of weak regions in each type of Plan and Vertical Irregular frame by
providing suitable strengthening techniques.
Methodology
1. Desired Performance Objective is selected. Preliminary design is done to the building for linear analysis
where the dead load, imposed load and seismic loads are acting. The oscillation type in fundamental mode is
verified by modal analysis.
2. Loads are assigned to structural elements as per IS 875 and earthquake loads as per IS 1893-2016.
3. It is verified whether all the structural elements are sufficient enough to carry the elastic loads.
4. Next static non-linear analysis is performed, for this the gravity load case is modified to non-linear load
case.
5. Now pushover analysis is performed in both x and y directions which starts at the end of non-linear gravity
analysis. In this study displacement method is used for the analysis.
6. The pushover curve obtained is converted to Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectra (ADRS) format
and superimposed on the demand spectrum and the performance point is obtained.
7. Using the performance point displacement of the roof and the base shear at that point is obtained.
8. The global response of the building is verified by drift limits given in Table-11.2 of ATC-40.
9. The local response of the elements is also verified by plastic hinge rotation limits in Table-11.3 for beams
and Table-11.4 for columns of ATC-40 whether they are within the acceptable limit or not. After verifying
the limits, it is confirmed whether the structure possess the required performance objective or not.
10. If not, the structure is redesigned or the performance of the building can be enhanced by providing suitable
strengthening technique.
Progress of the Project Work

• Literature review of 45 research papers on Performance-Based Seismic Design.

• Review Paper submitted in International Journal of Engineering Research in
Africa titled “An Integrated approach on Structural-Nonstructural
Performance-Based Seismic Design of Lifeline Structures: Review” (Currently
in Review Stage).
• Research Paper submitted in Virtual Conference on DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION (VCDRR) titled “Parametric Study of Performance-Based
Seismic Design of Plan Irregular RC Frames- Indian Scenario”.
Conclusion
 The displacement-based strategy should be adopted in PBSD of non-structural components instead of
current force-based method. However, it can only be applied when non-structural displacements are
established and correlated with ground motion.

 The permissible seismic mass can get significantly increased with inclusion of on-structural components in
design of hospital buildings.
 The lack in confidence among practising engineers must be resolved to accurately model non-structural
elements in wood-frame structures.
 Experimental studies on the integration between low damage structural and NS elements should be carried
out.
 A complete simulation program considering five important aspects of building i.e. fire safety, acoustics,
moisture safety, indoor air quality and durability should be developed.
Modelling of Frames
Three-dimensional modelling of Frames is done in ETABS 2018. Concrete hysteresis model is used.
M25 concrete and Fe500 rebar is used. Floor height of 3m is considered in all selected frames. The
loads are assigned to structural elements as per IS 875 and earthquake loads as per IS 1893-2016.
Wall Load is applied on beams as uniformly distributed load taking 30% reduction for openings.
Moment of Inertia for beams and columns are taken in accordance with IS 13920: 2016. Since the
frames are in Zone IV and Zone V, the frames are considered as Special Moment Resisting Frames.
All frames have been given an importance factor of 1.5 for Lifeline Buildings.

  R Ir-1 Ir-2 Ir-3 Ir-4 Ir-5

Beam (Trial 1) 350X450 300X350 300X350 500X500 350X400 420X450

Beam (Trial 2) 450X450 450X450 450X450 500X500 450X450 450X450

Column (Trial 1) 400X500 350X450 350X450 500X550 400X500 500X500

Column (Trial 2) 450X600 450X600 450X600 450X600 450X600 450X600

Work to be Continued…

• Comparative Performance-Based Seismic Design of Regular and all Vertical Irregular G+7 bare
RC Frames conforming to Clause 7.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 by Time-History method for
Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention in all seismic zones of India.
• To improve performance of weak regions in each type of Plan and Vertical Irregular frame by
providing suitable strengthening techniques.