Magnetic Fields - Shielding - Cable Installations - Cours3 - Mitigation - Technique - ELF

International Colloquium on Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields,
Sarajevo 3rd-4th June, 2009
Tutorial on
MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
OF POWER FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELDS
ORIGINATED FROM ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
Programme
General principles - Methods of assessment -

1 Ener Salinas
Strategies
Pedro L. Cruz Conductor management - Compensation
2
Romero - Mitigation for T&D lines (EHV, HV, MV, LV)
Jean
3 Shielding by metallic materials - Power cables
Hoeffelman
4 Ener Salinas Substations - Examples
Tutorial on Magnetic Field Mitigation Techniques, International Colloquium on ELF EMF, Sarajevo 3rd-4th June, 2009 1
About the working group C4.204
• CIGRÉ Working Group formed in 2001

• Motivation: Concerns from customers,
utilities and researchers in relation to some
alleged health risks (in particular childhood
leukaemia) of long-term exposure to power
frequency magnetic fields
• Initial aim: To collect discuss and

synthesise the available technical data
referring to different existing techniques to
mitigate extremely low frequency (ELF)
magnetic fields
• Final form: A published Technical

Brochure (TB 373)
1.1 General Principles
Sources of power-frequency magnetic fields (PFMFs)
The flow of electrical

energy from the
generation plant to the
customer.
Along the way there

are different types of
sources of power-
frequency magnetic
fields
The PFMFs sources

and techniques can be
classified according
to their origin:
•Power lines
•Underground cables
•Complex sources (e.g.
substations)
Difference between Electric and Magnetic fields
ELECTRIC MAGNETIC
FIELD FIELD
•The electric field E does not penetrate •The magnetic field B penetrates the
the house house easily
•As the field reaches the walls, the •Only certain materials with specific
electric charges (generated as a geometries or dedicated circuits could
Effect on humans consequence of this field) are diverted oppose to this action
to earth and recombined •The purpose of designing mitigation
•Even in the case of lightning, the techniques is to find out what are the
lightning rods connected to ground most appropriate materials, geometries
will do this diversion successfully or circuits that achieve this action
effectively
Interaction of AC magnetic fields with materials
AC Source Ferromagnetic enclosure
(a) (b)
“Concentration”
Region of Region of
interest interest
Coil
“Deviation”
Ferromagnetic (c) Pure conductive (d)

Plate Plate
“Rejection”
Region of Region of
interest interest
Magnetic fields can

have different
interactions with
different materials Some important design parameters:
The geometry
1 Shielding B P 
and the field Skin depth   SF P   0
incidence are  f Factor B s P 
also important!
1.2 Methods of assessment of the mitigation
techniques
Analytical
Biot-Savart formula
Numerical
At power frequency we use the quasi-
static approximation, i.e. displacement
currents are neglected
Shielding experiments with busbars

and conductors at normal scale
Experimental
Small scale
experiment of a
3-phase
underground
cable
1.3 Some strategies for mitigation
A relevant factor regarding
the technique to use is the
choice of the location i.e.
where it is to be applied.
In other words apply it to
the source or to the area of
interest?
This is not an easy

question since the
definition of the area of
interest is not always
unambiguous.
As a general rule, it may

seem natural to think that it
will be more cost-effective
to mitigate at the source
than at the area of interest.
However, the choice can be
different. For example in
some cases where the
source is rather large (e.g.
long busbars); or if the The green outlines are symbolic representations – not necessarily
purpose is to mitigate the metal plates – they could indicate a loop, an active device, or any
field in a small region. other mitigation action within that region.
Tutorial on
Programme

1 Ener Salinas
Strategies
2
Jean
Hoeffelman
2.1 Conductor management
Applied mostly to linear sources: overhead lines, underground cables, busbars, etc.
Original configuration
Layout Compaction
Change of geometry of Keeping the same geometry

conductors keeping the reduce the phase-to-phase
same phase-to-phase clearance
clearance
Balanced
system !!
Contour curves values in T
Phase splitting
Single-phase line
Current dipole Current quadrupole
1 Faster 1
B 2 reduction with B 3
r distance to r
source !!
r : Distance to centre of dipole r : Distance to centre of quadrupole
Phase splitting
Three-phase line
Two split phases Three split phases
1 1
B 3 No great B 3
r improvement !! r
Phase cancelation
Multi-circuit line
Super bundle Low-reactance
1 Both circuits should be equally loaded 1

B 2 Changes in protection relays could be needed B 3
r Changes in corona performance in overhead circuits r
2.2 Compensation
Passive compensation
Location close to the source

of a loop or coil.
Magnetic field generated by
the coil that partially
compensates the original
field.
Induced current in the loop
due to the flux linkage.
Increase of effectiveness:
insertion of capacitor to
compensate the inductance Design parameters:
of the loop.
• Shape of the coil
• Location of the coil Not complete
• Electrical parameters
compensation !
of the conductor !
• Number of coils
2.2 Compensation
Single-phase line
Loop
With capacitor
Contour curves values in T
2.2 Compensation
Active compensation
Current in the loop generated

by an external power source.
Current control in amplitude
and phase.
More sophisticated equipment
is required.
Costly and less reliable than the
passive loop.
Higher flexibility in the location
of the loop. Possibility of
locating it far from the source.
Not complete
compensation !!
2.3 Mitigation for T&D overhead lines
Techniques
Increasing the Conductor

Compensation
height of masts management
• Low-medium cost • Medium-high cost • Medium-high cost

• Low-medium reduction factor • Low-medium-high reduction factor • Medium-high reduction factor
Shielding factor =
reduction factor !!
EHV and HV Power lines
Increasing the height of masts
25 H=11.34 m
Reduction restricted to
H=12 m
underneath the line.
- [µT]
Reduction factor at x=0
- Beff [T]
20
H=14 m
ground
m dal suolo
H=16 m H
a 1above 15
H=18 m
Bnon  mitigated H=20 m

V = 380 kV
RF  4 I = 1500 A
1m
10 H=22 m
Induzione magnetica
Bmitigated H=24 m
B rms
0
-100 -50 0 50 100
Distanza
Distance from della
dall'asse line linea [m]
centre [m]
Conductor management: changing the geometry of conductors

380 kV
Low reduction factor close to

the line
RF  2
Low reduction factor far from

the line
RF  1.4
Conductor management: compaction
Medium reduction factor

115 kV
RF  4
• Lower visual impact
• Reduction of line surge impedance
• Difficult to perform live-line
maintenance
• EHV line: increase of corona effect
Conductor management: phase cancellation

380 kV
1500 A
the line
RF  2
Medium reduction factor far

from the line
RF  3
Conductor management: phase splitting

380 kV
1500 A
Medium reduction factor close
to the line
RF  5
High reduction factor far from

the line
RF  6
Star line: complete

reduction at 35 m !!

the line
RF  2
Medium reduction factor far

from the line at one side
RF  4
High reduction factor far from
the line at the other side
RF  8
Capacitor: non-
symmetrical reduction!!
Effect on other electrical parameters
Magnetic Electric Audible Radio

Method Unbalance
Field Field Noise Interference
Height increase    (1) =
Layout   =  
Compaction     
Vertical super-bundle low-reactance    (2) 
Phase splitting     
Passive/active loop   = = =
(1)
Starting from certain distance (about 50 m) the effect is the opposite
(2)
It rises lightly from about 30 m off
MV and LV Power lines
Differences with EHV and HV lines
• Variation of current along the feeder

• Different distribution systems  different presence of zero sequence current
– 3-wire 3-phase
– 4-wire 3-phase
– 5-wire 3-phase
– 2-wire
– 1-phase
• Lower voltages  use of covered and insulated conductors
• Shorter phase-phase clearance  Field mitigation only of interest near the line 
more effectiveness in raising the poles.
MV and LV Power lines
Reduction Installation Global performance Effect of unbalanced

Mitigation technique
level (%) cost over conventional current
Small compaction 25-45 Low Lower Low

Crossarms  armless  60 Low/medium Lower Medium
Tree wires  60 Medium Higher Medium
Spacer cable  80 High Higher High
Aerial Boundle Cable 100 Very high Higher High
Underground line  90 Very high Higher High
Phase split 70-80 Medium Lower High
Increase clearance to
25-60 Low/medium Lower Low
ground
Compensation loop 35 Medium Lower Medium
Tutorial on
Programme

1 Ener Salinas
Strategies
2
Jean
Hoeffelman
3 Shielding by metallic materials
Two types of shielding materials
Magnetostatic shielding Shielding by eddy currents

Flux-shunting mechanism Induced currents mecanism
3.1 (pure) ferromagnetic shielding
Maximum
Initial Relative
Relative
Material Permeability
Permeability
r,ini
r,max
Iron, 99.8% pure 150 5000
Steel, 0.9% C 50 100
Low Carbon Steel (LCS) 300 - 400 2000
Ultra Low Carbon Steel (ULC) 250 1100
Hot rolled Ultra Low Carbon Steel (HR ULC) 250 2000 to 5000
Silicon steel (Si 3%) - Grain oriented (GO) 40,000
78 Permalloy (μ-material) 8,000 100,000
Htengential continuous
Bnormal continuous
To be efficient at distance a ferromagnetic shield needs to be closed !
To be efficient a ferromagnetic shield needs to encompass completely the source.
Closed shield
Closed ferromagnetic shields can have a very high efficiency

mainly when they are not too large with respect to their thickness.
Open shield
5.0
L = 1 m, d = 0.2 m,  = 1 mm
4.5 r = 100
4.0 r = 500
shielding factor
3.5 r = 1000
r = 10000
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
(a)
1.0 (b) (c)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
distance y (m)
At distances higher than the shield width, the shielding efficiency is virtually zero.
3.2 (pure) conductive shielding
Closed shield
 SF ~    a
Good shielding materials need to

have a high conductivity () like
a copper or aluminium
Contrary to what happens with the pure ferromagnetic shielding, the shielding
factor (SF) increases with the shape of the shield.
3.2 (pure) conductive shielding
Open shield
25 L = 1 m, d = 0.2 m,  = 10 mm
 = 1 MS/m
 = 5 MS/m
20  = 10 MS/m
 = 50 MS/m
shielding factor 15
10
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
(a) (b) (c)
distance y (m)
Even at distances higher than the shield width, the shielding efficiency remains important.
3.3 actual shielding materials
Metal Conductivity in MS/m
Copper 59
Aluminium 36
Iron 10
Steel 6
GO steel 2
Permalloy 1.8
In ferromagnetic materials the conductivity plays also an important part in the shielding efficiency.
Sometimes multilayer shield involving both high permeability material and good conductive metals are applied.
3.4 Underground cables
How to mitigate the fields ?
 Acting on laying geometry and laying depth

 Introducing passive loops
 Allowing currents to flow in the metallic sheaths
 Shielding by conductive metallic materials
 Shielding by ferromagnetric metallic materials
Independently from the shielding efficiency of each of the above

solutions, the best solution strongly depends on whether the
intervention must be carried out on an existing cable
already in operation or on a new cable still to be laid down.
Passive loop
5 Cavo/sez. trincea
Posa senza loop di compensazione Configurazione in piano (=100 mm)
x
Con loop di compensazione L = 500 m (I Loop = 77 A) h calc. = 1 m
2
Induzione magnetica a 1 m dal suolo - B eff [µT]
1.6 m
1 2
1 0.25 m
CL
0.25 m
V = 132 kV
I = 250 A
0.5
0.2
0.1
Con loop di compensazione L = 500 m e con

condensatore di ottimazione (I Loop = 134 A; C1 = 13 mF)
0.02
0 5 10 15
Distanza dal centro linea [m]
Passive loops (joint chamber)
Double loop : SF  2
Closed ferromagnetic shielding
150 0.2 x
I = 3000 A h mis. = 0 m
x
100 I = 3000 A
h mis. = 0 m
scherm o: L = 66 m;  = 406 m m; s = 10 mm
I = 1500 A
I = 1500 A
- [µT]
pp =1m
50
B rms , 1 m above ground - [µT]
pp =1m
I = 750 A 0.1 CL
I = 750 A
CL
30 I = 250 ÷ 3000 A I = 250 ÷ 3000 A
I = 375 A
B rms , 1 m above ground

20
I = 250 A
10
0.05
5
I = 375 A
3 0.03
2
I = 250 A
1
0.02
0.5
0.3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.01
4 4.5 5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Distance from line centre [m]
Distance from line centre [m]
Steel tube: SF > 50
Closed ferromagnetic shielding
Raceway: SF  20
Flat conductive shielding
Effectiveness of the shieldings calculated at 1 m above the ground

20
19
18
17
d = 5 cm
16
d = 10 cm
145
d )
15
d = 20 cm
14
Shielding effectiveness (
13
0.3
12 d
11
10
25 25
9
100
8
5
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9 9,5 10
Horizontal distance from the line axis (m)
Copper plane shield (flat formation): SF > 7
Flat conductive shielding
In order to be effective, the

shielding plates have to be
welded together
Aluminium may also be used
but is less effective
Open conductive shielding
100
150
welding
bridge
80
20
25 20
80
Aluminium H shield (flat formation): SF > 7
Open conductive shielding
150
bridge
welding
62 32
20
60
Aluminium square shield (trefoil formation): SF > 7
Synthesis
Passive loops Open Closed Conductive

ferromagnetic ferromagnetic shielding
shielding shielding
Shielding 1.5 to 4 depends on > 15 >7
factor SF (flat formation) distance to
shield !
Losses low low low to medium medium
Corrosion risk / needs needs Cu: OK

protection protection Al: depends
on soil pH
Costs low medium high Cu: high
Al: medium
Maintenance easy rather easy variable rather easy
Tutorial on
Programme

1 Ener Salinas
Strategies
2
Jean
Hoeffelman
4. Substations
LV SUBSTATIONS
The main characteristics of these sources, and the ones that

differentiate them from power lines and underground cables, are:
• Complexity
• Local concentration
• Proximity
The list of possible sources contributing to the emitted PFMF is:
• Busbars
• Transformers
• Low-voltage cables
• Low-voltage connections
• High-voltage cables
• Neutral/stray currents
Typical LV in-house substation located in the cellar of a building
Mitigation of PFMFs from busbars
Busbars can have different shapes. Yet,

longitudinal profiles are often common
and it can be sometimes a reasonable
approximation when designing
geometries and selecting shielding
material
More elaborated shielding designs for busbars
Combination of 2 passive
(a) (b) shields and one active
loop
(c) (d)
Busbars
Averaged shielding factors <SF> in front

of the second shield
 <SF> = 2 when cancellation loops are used alone
 <SF> = 4 when the 1010-steel is used alone
Windows and Narrow gaps
 <SF> = 6 when the Al shield is used alone
apertures
 <SF> = 9 when aluminium and 1010-steel are used
 <SF> larger than 20 when aluminium, 1010-steel and
loops are used
Magnetic field from transformers-1
Because of the core and

cover, transformers (by
themselves) emit almost
no magnetic field
Connections from the LV side
The responsible
for field
emissions
nearby
transformers are
often the
connections
from the
secondary side
Before phase After phase

management management
A possible
mitigation
technique is to
optimize phase R ST
mixing R S
T
R ST
Mixing phases
R S T R S T
Field mitigation techniques for MV/LV substations
Source Strategy Technique Method
•Conductive shielding -3D-FEM or Integral

Short busbars
Mitigation at the source (e.g. aluminium) methods
(residential)
•Passive compensation -Lab experiments
Mitigation at the source

may not be cost efficient. •Conductive or
Long busbars -2D-Numerical methods
Thus mitigation at the ferromagnetic shielding
(industrial) -Analytical
affected area may be •Active compensation
needed
-3D-Numerical
Mitigation at the source,
-Experiments with the
by optimizing the •Phase cancellation
Transformers relevant components
connections at the •Distance management
(connections at the LV
secondary side
side)
•Shielding with metal
plates -Analytical
Cables Mitigation at the source
•Passive compensation -2D-FEM
with loops
Mitigation of PFMFs from HV/MV substations
•In HV substations, the

highest magnetic
fields are also
registered at the
secondary side
•However these are
located mainly
between the
substation limits
•Some emission over
the 1-microtesla level
can be registered
outside the substation
boundaries
•A possible mitigation
technique is distance
management, i.e.
moving the affected
area or extending the
fence some metres.
Examples of
Implementation of
Mitigation Techniques
Example 1: Ferromagnetic pipes in Genoa
•The three cables are enclosed inside a

ferromagnetic tubular section, which
acts as a shield trapping the magnetic
flux
•The material used is low carbon steel,
with an external diameter of 508 mm
and a thickness of 9.5 mm
•2 km of circuit of 150 kV 1x1000 mm2
XLPE cable were shielded with this
technology
•Field at 1m above the ground < 0.2 μT
Example 2 Passive lops in Vienna
Example 3: High Magnetic Coupling
Different designs Shielding

Source
Shielding cables cables
Cables Shielding o'
Magnetic
cables
core
Magnetic Windings
Source core
cables Source
cables
Windings
Jointing zone o o
S1 S2 S3
y
Section S1 and S3 Section S2
x
z
Results
x=0m x=10m x=20m x=30m

i=50 cm
d=11.8 cm
(HV cable
1600 mm2)
SF = 7.3 SF = 88.4
Source only Configuration 1 Configuration 2
Example 4: Castiglione Project, a case of active shielding of a
HV overhead line in Italy
The scope of this project was the reduction of the magnetic field - in an area of children activity - to values
below 0.2 μT as requested by the local administration.
Before mitigation After mitigation operations
After works,
inactivated Before works
screen
After works,
activated
screen
Cabin containing loop feeding devices Regulated current

generator
Example 5: Shielding of busbars in a secondary substation
Results
After implementation of the
two separated shielding
plates (back of the
switchboard and ceiling)
The maximum value of the
magnetic field in the area of
interest was 0.4 μT
The average value of the
magnetic field was 0.2 μT

Magnetic Fields - Shielding - Cable Installations - Cours3 - Mitigation - Technique - ELF

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International Colloquium on Power-Frequency Magnetic Fields,

Sarajevo 3rd-4th June, 2009

General principles - Methods of assessment -

• CIGRÉ Working Group formed in 2001

• Initial aim: To collect discuss and

• Final form: A published Technical

The flow of electrical

Along the way there

The PFMFs sources

Ferromagnetic (c) Pure conductive (d)

Magnetic fields can

Shielding experiments with busbars

This is not an easy

As a general rule, it may

General principles - Methods of assessment -

Change of geometry of Keeping the same geometry

Contour curves values in T

1 Both circuits should be equally loaded 1

Location close to the source

Current in the loop generated

Increasing the Conductor

• Low-medium cost • Medium-high cost • Medium-high cost

Increasing the height of masts

Bnon  mitigated H=20 m

Conductor management: changing the geometry of conductors

Low reduction factor close to

Low reduction factor far from

Conductor management: compaction

Medium reduction factor

Conductor management: phase cancellation

Medium reduction factor far

Conductor management: phase splitting

High reduction factor far from

Star line: complete

Low reduction factor close to

Medium reduction factor far

Effect on other electrical parameters

Magnetic Electric Audible Radio

Differences with EHV and HV lines

• Variation of current along the feeder

Reduction Installation Global performance Effect of unbalanced

Small compaction 25-45 Low Lower Low

General principles - Methods of assessment -

Two types of shielding materials

Magnetostatic shielding Shielding by eddy currents

Iron, 99.8% pure 150 5000

Steel, 0.9% C 50 100

Low Carbon Steel (LCS) 300 - 400 2000

Ultra Low Carbon Steel (ULC) 250 1100

Silicon steel (Si 3%) - Grain oriented (GO) 40,000

78 Permalloy (μ-material) 8,000 100,000

To be efficient at distance a ferromagnetic shield needs to be closed !

To be efficient a ferromagnetic shield needs to encompass completely the source.

Closed ferromagnetic shields can have a very high efficiency

Good shielding materials need to

Metal Conductivity in MS/m

How to mitigate the fields ?

 Acting on laying geometry and laying depth

Independently from the shielding efficiency of each of the above

Con loop di compensazione L = 500 m (I Loop = 77 A) h calc. = 1 m

Con loop di compensazione L = 500 m e con

B rms , 1 m above ground