Heat Transfer : Fundamentals and Applications

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC
CONCEPTS OF HEAT TRANSFER

By:
Dr. Mohd Syafiq Mohd Suri
 WHAT IS HEAT TRANSFER????

• Flow of heat because of temperature differences &

subsequent temperature distribution & changes.

• Heat moving from a higher temperature object (hot or

warmer object) to a lower temperature object (cooler
object).

• Heat transfer stops when two object or region reach the

same temperature.

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Application Areas of Heat Transfer

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FUNDAMENTAL LAWS GOVERNING HEAT
TRANSFER
• 1st Law of thermodynamics
- involves that the conservation of energy
- energy can neither be created nor destroyed
during a process; it can only changes.
• 2nd Law of thermodynamics
- transferring heat energy.
- heat will flow naturally from one reservoir to
another at a lower temperature but not in opposite
direction without assistance.

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HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS

• Heat can be transferred in three basic modes:

 conduction
 convection
 radiation

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CONDUCTION

• Transfer of heat down a temperature gradient between two

bodies in close physical contact.

• Example : metal spoon in cup

(if you leave a metal spoon propped up in a cup, it will
become hot from the boiling water inside the cup)

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FOURIER’S LAW
• Fundamental conditions for heat
transfer by conduction within a solid :

 Temperature gradient must exist

 Heat flow in the direction of
decreasing temperature

Heat conduction
through a large plane
wall of thickness x
and area A.

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When x → 0 Fourier’s law of
heat conduction
Thermal conductivity, k:
• A measure of the ability of a material to conduct heat.

Temperature gradient dT/dx:

• The slope of the temperature curve on a T-x diagram.

In heat conduction
analysis, A
represents the area
normal to the
direction of heat
transfer.
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 Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity, k (W/m.°C) :

• rate of heat transfer through a unit
thickness of the material per unit area
per unit temperature difference.

The thermal conductivity of a material is

a measure of the ability of the material
to conduct heat.

A high value for thermal conductivity :

- the material is a good heat conductor.

A low value indicates that the material is a

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poor heat conductor or insulator.
 How well a material can
Thermal Diffusivity spread heat, taking into
account both how quickly the
cp Specific heat, J/kg · °C: Heat capacity heat can be conducted
per unit mass through and how quickly its
cp Heat capacity, J/m3·°C: Heat capacity own temperature can change
per unit volume when the material
is heated.
 Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents
how fast heat diffuses through a material

• A material that has a high thermal

conductivity or a low heat capacity will
obviously have a large thermal diffusivity.

• The larger the thermal diffusivity, the

faster the propagation of heat into the
medium.

• A small value of thermal diffusivity means that

heat is mostly absorbed by the material and a
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small amount of heat is conducted further.
 CONVECTION
Convection:
• transfer of thermal energy
by the physical movement
of fluid (liquid, or gas) from
one region to another
region.

• it involves the combined

effects of conduction and
fluid motion. Heat transfer from a hot surface
to air by convection.

The faster the fluid motion, the

greater the convection heat
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transfer.
• Example of convection heat transfer:

 pot of heating water

 Air movement in a home

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Forced convection:
• fluid is forced to flow over the
surface by external such as a
fan, pump, or the wind.

Natural (or free) convection:

• fluid motion is caused by
The cooling of a boiled egg
buoyancy forces that are by forced and natural
induced by density differences convection.
due to the variation of
temperature in the fluid.

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 Newton’s law of cooling

h convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 · °C

As the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes
place
Ts the surface temperature
T the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.

It is an experimentally determined
parameter whose value depends
on all the variables influencing
convection such as
- the surface geometry
- the nature of fluid motion
- the properties of the fluid
- the bulk fluid velocity
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 RADIATION
Radiation:

• Transfer of heat by electromagnetic

waves.

• Unlike conduction and convection,

the transfer of heat by radiation does
• Example:
not require the presence of an
intervening medium. Energy received on
the Earth from the
sun.
• In fact, heat transfer by radiation is
fastest (at the speed of light) and it
suffers no attenuation in a vacuum.
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STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
• Total radiant heat power emitted from
a surface is proportional to the fourth
power of its absolute temperature.

• This law applies only to blackbodies,

theoretical surfaces that absorb all
incident heat radiation.

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STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
A body that
• Total radiant heat power emitted from absorbs all
a surface is proportional to the fourth radiation that
falls on its
power of its absolute temperature. surface.

• This law applies only to blackbodies,

theoretical surfaces that absorb all
incident heat radiation.

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STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
A body that
• Total radiant heat power emitted from absorbs all
a surface is proportional to the fourth radiation that
falls on its
power of its absolute temperature. surface.

The idealized
• This law applies only to blackbodies, surface that
theoretical surfaces that absorb all emits
incident heat radiation. radiation at
the maximum
rate.

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STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
A body that
• Total radiant heat power emitted from absorbs all
a surface is proportional to the fourth radiation that
falls on its
power of its absolute temperature. surface.

The idealized
• This law applies only to blackbodies, surface that
theoretical surfaces that absorb all emits
incident heat radiation. radiation at
the maximum
rate.

Stefan–Boltzmann law

= Heat transfer per unit time (W) = absoulte Temperature (K

 = 5.670  108 W/m2 · K4 Stefan–Boltzmann constant
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= Area of the emitting body (
Emissivity Coefficient
Emissivity  :

A measure of how closely a surface

approximates a blackbody for which  =
1 of the surface. 0   1.

Radiation emitted
by real surfaces

= Heat transfer per unit time (W)

 = 5.670  108 W/m2 · K4 Stefan–Boltzmann constant
= Area of the emitting body (
= absoulte Temperature (K
= emissivity coefficient of the object 

• emissivity coefficient is in the range 0 < ε < 1, depending on the type of

material and the temperature of the surface.
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Net radiation heat transfer:
• The difference between the
rates of radiation emitted by
the surface and the radiation
absorbed.
When a surface is completely enclosed by a
much larger (or black) surface at temperature
Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that
does not intervene with radiation,
the net rate of radiation heat transfer between
these two surfaces is given by :

The determination of the net

rate of heat transfer by radiation
between two surfaces is a
complicated matter since it
depends on :

• the properties of the

surfaces

• their orientation relative to

each other

• the interaction of the

medium between the
surfaces with radiation Radiation heat transfer between a surface
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and the surfaces surrounding it.
When radiation and convection occur
simultaneously between a surface and a gas:

Combined heat transfer coefficient hcombined

Includes the effects of both convection and radiation

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When radiation and convection occur
simultaneously between a surface and a gas:

Combined heat transfer coefficient hcombined

Includes the effects of both convection and radiation

Fourier’s
Law

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When radiation and convection occur
simultaneously between a surface and a gas:

Combined heat transfer coefficient hcombined

Includes the effects of both convection and radiation
Stefan-
Fourier’s
Boltzmann
Law
Law

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THE END

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