LASER

Soni Behera(EC-4)       En no:216150311011

Purva Pandey(EC-8)    En no:216150311006
Prabha Sahani(EC-11) En no:216150311016
 • A laser is a device that emits light through a
process of optical amplification based on the
simulated amission of electromagnetic radiation 
• The word "laser" is an acronym for "light
What is amplification by stimulated emission of
LASER? radiation"
• The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H.
Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based
on theoretical work by Charles Hard
Townes andArthur Leeonard Schewlow.
Diffrence
between
Laser
and
ordinary
light:
 Production of laser light
• Laser light is produced when stimulated emission occurs.
•  This process occurs when an electron in the ground state
(the lowest energy state of an atom or other particle) is
supplied with energy, making it pump up to a higher energy
level.
•  In this level, the electron is now in an excited state (when an
electron absorbs energy), and is also in the metastable state
(an excited state of an atom that has a longer lifetime than
other excited states).
•  When this happens, a photon (particle representing a quantum of light
or other electromagnetic radiation) meets with an electron that is within
the same energy level as the initial electron which  produced the first
photon.
•  After this happens, a second photon is produced by the electron.
This photon has the same wavelength and direction as the first photon.  
• As shown above, the lasting medium is paired with two mirrors.
•  Mirror 1 is a full mirror, while mirror 2 is partially (half) a mirror,
allowing necessary light to exit. 
• These mirrors make the photons reflect off both the mirrors
continuously in the lasting medium. While these photons bounce
back and forth, they meet other electrons and encourage them to
emit photons which possess the same wavelength and direction.
•  This is kind of like a chain effect, similar to the fission of uranium in a
nuclear power plant.
• This process, as mentioned before, gives lasers its monochromatic,
coherent, and directional properties.
•  mirror 2 is partially silver, meaning that it allows light to pass
through. While this entire process happens, the light that passes
through mirror 2 is the light we know as laser light.  
 What is helium-neon laser?
• At room temperature, a ruby laser will only emit short bursts of a laser light,
each laser pulse occurring after a flash of pumping light.
• It would be better to have a laser that emits a light continuously. Such a laser
is called a continuous wave laser (cw).
• Helium-neon lasers are the most widely used gas lasers. These lasers have
many industrial and scientific uses and are often used in laboratory
demonstrations of optics.
• In He-Ne lasers, the optical pumping method is not used instead an electrical
pumping method is used. The excitation of electrons in the He-Ne gas active
medium is achieved by passing an electric current through the gas.
• The helium-neon laser operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nanometers (nm),
in the red portion of the visible spectrum.
 Working of helium-neon laser
•  In helium-neon lasers, we use high voltage DC as the pump source. A
high voltage DC produces energetic electrons that travel through the
gas mixture.
• The gas mixture in helium-neon laser is mostly comprised of helium
atoms. Therefore, helium atoms observe most of the energy supplied
by the high voltage DC.
 Advantages of helium-neon laser
• Helium-neon laser emits laser light in the visible portion
of the spectrum.
• High stability
• Low cost
• Operates without damage at higher temperatures
 Disadvantages of helium-neon laser
• Low efficiency
• Low gain
• Helium-neon lasers are limited to low power tasks

 Applications of helium-neon lasers

• Helium-neon lasers are used in industries.
• Helium-neon lasers are used in scientific instruments.
• Helium-neon lasers are used in the college laboratories.
 Applications of LASER:
• Laser Photogrammetry • Disc Drive
• Astronomy • Military
• Level Tool • Optical Tweezers
• Medical • Gun Sight
• Fiber Optical Cable • Barcode Scanner
• Laser Tag • Laser Printer
• Material Processing • Entertainment