QUESTION NUMBER ONE(Q-1)

1-how is modulation performed? Explains it to cellular communication.(5pts)

Modulation:- is performed based on variation in frequency,phase and amplitude which

may enable in our signal to travel severaals distance away with relatively high frequency.

Its most frequently used in almost many communication system one of the nest Example is the
FM radio where FM(stands for Frequency modulation).
But we normally knows that the wavelength and frequency have inverse
relationship(wavelength=velocity/frequency) if frequency is high it implies small wavelength
and the Size of antenna required during modulation is(Antenna Size =wavelength/2) this
Imply that the size of antenna will decrease with respect to the size of wavelength.

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AND THE MAIN REASON WHY WE NEED MODULATION IS THE FACT THAT WE WANT OUR SIGNAL
TO OPERATES WITH HIGH FREQUENCY WHICH CAN RELATIVELY REACH SEVERALS KM AWAY,IN
THAT CASE WE MUST MODULATE OUR ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE BEFORE IN TRAVELS THROUGH
SPACE IN GIVEN DISTANCE FREQUENCY OF AN RF CHANNEL IS BEST UNDERSTOOD AS THE
FREQUENCY OF A CARRIER WAVE.
A CARRIER WAVE IS A PURE WAVE OF CONSTANT FREQUENCY, A BIT LIKE A SINE WAVE.
BY ITSELF IT DOESN’T CARRY MUCH INFORMATION THAT WE CAN RELATE TO (SUCH AS SPEECH
OR DATA).
THIS IMPLY THAT A CARRIER SIGNAL WITH APPROXIMATELY HIGH FREQUENCY CAN BE
MODULATED WITH OUR SIGNAL’S FREQUENCY(HINTS OUR SIGNAL HAVE LOWER FREQUENCY)
AND FINALLY THE MODULATED SIGNAL CAN HAVE APPROXIMATELY HIGHER FREQUENCY
COMPARED TO THE FREQUENCY OF OUR NORMAL SIGNAL.

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How modulation works

Modulation is what takes a signal from low frequencies (the message)
and pulls it up to a higher frequency (the carrier).
The idea is simple: Multiply your message by a high frequency carrier,
such as 680 kHz. Voila, that's AM radio!

Information can be added to the carrier by varying its amplitude,

frequency, phase, polarization -- for optical signals -- and
even quantum-level phenomena like spin.
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CATEGORIES OF MODULATION

Recall that any wave has three basic properties:-

1) Amplitude – the height of the wave
2) Frequency – a number of waves passing through in a given second
3) Phase – where the phase is at any given moment
4) Polarization modulation-the angle of rotation of an optical carrier signal is varied to reflect transmitted
data.
There are different strategies for modulating the carrier wave. First, a user can tweak the height of the
carrier.
If an input signal’s height varies with the loudness of a user’s voice and then adds this to the carrier, then the
carrier’s amplitude will change corresponding to the input signal that’s been fed into it. This is
called amplitude modulation or AM.

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 FREQUENCY MODULATION TECHNIQUE.

• Frequency of an input signal can also be changed. If this input

signal is added to the pure carrier wave, it will thereby change
the frequency of the carrier wave. In that way, users can use
changes of frequency to carry speech information. This is
called frequency modulation or FM.

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION

(AM): The height (i.e., the strength or intensity) of the signal carrier is

varied to represent the data being added to the signal.
Keeping the rest constant,we can varied be varied with respect to
carrier signal.

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PHASE MODULATION
(PM): The phase of the carrier waveform is varied to reflect changes in the
frequency of the data. In PM, the frequency is unchanged while the phase
is changed relative to the base carrier frequency. It is similar to FM but
differs in the fact that phase modulation changes angel with respect to
angle.

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QUESTION NUMBER TWO(Q-2)

2.Different between multiplexing and Demultiplexing?(3pts)

Definition of Multiplexing and Demultiplexing:-
Normally, there are three main different techniques in multiplexing light
signals onto a single optical fiber link:-
optical time division multiplexing (OTDM), code division multiplexing
(CDM), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).
WDM is one of the most common way using wavelengths to increase
bandwidth by multiplexing various optical carrier signals onto a single
optical fiber.

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WDM systems are divided into two main different wavelength patterns, coarse WDM
(CWDM) and dense WDM (DWDM)
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WHAT IS MULTIPLEXING?

Multiplexing (Muxing) is a term used in the field of communications and computer

networking. It can also be defined as a way of transmitting various signals over a
media or single line. A common kind of multiplexing merges a number of low-speed
signals to send over an only high-speed link, or it is used to transmit a medium as
well as its link with a number of devices. It provides both privacy & Efficiency.
It generally refers to the process and technique of transmitting multiple analog or
digital input signals or data streams over a single channel.
The entire process can be done using a device namely MUX or multiplexer, and the
main function of this device is to unite n-input lines for generating a single output
line.

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WHAT IS DEMULTIPLEXING?

Demultiplexing (Demuxing) is a term relative to multiplexing. It is the reverse of the

multiplexing process. Demultiplex is a process reconverting a signal containing
multiple analog or digital signal streams back into the original separate and unrelated
signals.
A device is called DEMUX or demultiplexer is used at the receiving end which divides
the signal into its component signals. So It has a single input and a number of outputs.
Although demultiplexing is the reverse of the multiplexing process, it is not the
opposite of multiplexing. The opposite of multiplexing is inverse multiplexing
(iMuxing), which breaks one data stream into several related data streams. a device
like DEMUX is used at the receiving end to separate a signal into many.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MULTIPLEXING AND DEMULTIPLEXING?

Actually, you can see the difference between multiplexing and

demultiplexing in essence from their definitions.
Multiplexing is method or technique in which more than one
signals are combined into one signal that travels on a medium.
demultiplexing is the reverse of multiplexing, in which a
multiplexed signal is decomposed in individual signals.
In additional, you can have more understandings on the difference
between multiplexing and demultiplexing by devices of
multiplexer and demultiplexer that perform the corresponding
process.

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MULTIPLEXER (MUX) IN COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM:

-> increase the efficiency of the communication system by allowing

the transmission of data, such as audio and video data transmission.
-> In Computer Memory: keep up a vast amount of memory in the
computers and decrease the number of copper lines necessary to
connect the memory to other parts of the computer as well.
-> In Telephone Network: integrate the multiple audio signals on a
single line of transmission.

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DEMULTIPLEXER (DEMUX) IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

-> It receives the output signals from the multiplexer and converts them
back to the original form at the receiver end.
-> In Arithmetic Logic Unit: The output of the arithmetic logic unit is fed as
an input to the Demux, and the o/p of the Demux is connected to a
multiple registers.
-> In Serial to Parallel Converter: The serial to parallel converter is used to
reform parallel data. In this method, serial data are given as an input to
the Demux and a counter is attached to the Demux to sense the data signal
at the Demux’s o/p. When all data signals are stored, the output of the
Demux can be read out in parallel.

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CONCLUSION..

Multiplexing and demultiplexing are two technologies widely used

in today’s communication system during signal propagation.
The device used for multiplexing is a multiplexer(Mux).

and the device used for demultiplexing is a demultiplexer

(Demux). However, nowadays a typical device will have both
multiplexing and demultiplexing capabilities.

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QUESTION NUMBER THREE(Q-3)

3 when we want to connect network temporarily without the need of

infrastructure such as access point and base station mobile devices
are self configured for the purpose of fast communication. In this
network connection each device can be a router, sender and
destination, so what do you call this type of network and explains the
main types of this network?
That type of network is Ad-hoc Network which is spontaneously formed
when devices connect and communicate with each other. The term ad
hoc is a Latin word that literally means "for this," implying improvised or
impromptu.

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Ad hoc networks are mostly wireless local area networks (LANs). The devices communicate
with each other directly instead of relying on a base station or access points as in wireless
LANs for data transfer co-ordination.
Each device participates in routing activity, by determining the route using the routing
algorithm and forwarding data to other devices via this route.
Like we normally knows that Connecting two computers does not always require a centrally
managed network. Instead, users can set up an ad hoc network between two computers.
However, this connection is only temporary. Let’s say that Biniam needs to transfer a file
over to his friend,Chang, but doesn’t have access to a safe Wi-Fi connection. He can create
an ad hoc network instead.
An ad hoc network is a temporary type of Local Area Network (LAN). If you set up an ad hoc
network permanently, it becomes a LAN.

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AD HOC CONNECTION SECURITY
CHALLENGE.
One of the biggest concerns with an ad hoc network is security. If cyber-attackers get within
signal range, they will generally be able to connect to a wireless ad hoc network and,
therefore, to the device.
The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a pre-existing infrastructure, such
as routers in wired networks or access points in wireless networks.
Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes, so the
determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically on the basis of network
connectivity and the routing algorithm in use.
Furthermore, users cannot disable their SSID (service set identifier) broadcast in ad hoc
mode, meaning that the network name cannot be hidden if users are in a public place.
For this reason, ad hoc networks are not always appropriate.However, because ad hoc
connections are temporary and only accessible within 100 meters, they can be ideal for some
situations. Attackers cannot hack into a device from far away and do not have unlimited time
to plan their attack.

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TYPES OF WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS
Mobil Adhoc Network (Manet):-is an interconnected system of wireless nodes
which communicate over bandwidth constrained wireless links. Each wireless
node can function as a sender, a receiver or a router.
When the node is a sender, it can send messages to any specified destination
node through some route.
As a receiver, it can receive messages from other nodes.
When the node functions as a router, it can relay the packet to the destination or
next router in the route.

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 Continued…..
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET): Used for communication between
vehicles. Intelligent VANETs use artificial intelligence and ad hoc technologies
to communicate what should happen during accidents VANETare created by applying the
principles of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) – the spontaneous creation of a wireless network of mobile devices
– to the domain of vehicles."car-to-car ad-hoc mobile communication and networking" applications, where networks
can be formed and information can be relayed among cars. It was shown that vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-
roadside communications architectures will co-exist in VANETs to provide road safety, navigation, and other
roadside services. VANETs are a key part of the (AI).

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 Smartphone ad hoc network (SPAN): are wireless ad hoc networks that use smartphones. Once
embedded with ad hoc networking technology, a group of smartphones in close proximity can together create an ad hoc
network. Smart phone ad hoc networks use the existing hardware (primarily Bluetooth and Wi-Fi) in commercially
available smartphones to create peer-to-peer networks without relying on cellular carrier networks, wireless access
points, or traditional network infrastructure. It allows Mark all things to be smart from traffic-light even homes.

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Continued….

 Still some categories of Ad-hoc Network are listed below:-

 Wireless mesh network: A mesh network is an ad hoc network where the
nodes communicate directly with each other to relay information throughout the
network.
 Army tactical MENT: Used in the army for "on-the-move" communication, a
wireless tactical ad hoc network relies on range and instant operation to
establish networks when needed.
 Wireless sensor network: Wireless sensors that collect everything from
temperature and pressure readings to noise and humidity levels can form an
ad hoc network to deliver information to a home base without needing to
connect directly to it.
 Disaster rescue ad hoc network: Ad hoc networks are important when
disaster strikes and established communication hardware isn't functioning
properly.
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 4.WHAT IS CHANNEL ALLOCATION?

Channel Allocation means to allocate the available channels to the cells in a cellular system.
When a user wants to make a call request then by using channel allocation strategies their
requests are fulfilled. Channel Allocation Strategies are designed in such a way that there is
efficient use of frequencies, time slots and bandwidth.
Channel Allocation is just like renting an houses/rooms if someone have tall built tower then
he can probably rents(allocate) rooms to many/more guests that are available as possible
until all the rooms are occupied.
Until that points then no one can be added above that point which means that when another
person come he must be told that no space in currently available.
However, if any among previous renters left the room and there is free space then we are
able to rent(allocate) it to previous customer that had got no free room.

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WHY CHANNEL ALLOCATION?
-> Signal limited resource,so we use channel allocation to
avoid competition\interference
-> To determine channel usage priorities, especially the
densely populated and sparsely populated have d/nt channel
usage priorities.
-> To groups channel together by the means of their
frequency so that each cells can be allocated the frequency
that suits well

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 Types of Channel Allocation Strategies

 These are Fixed, Dynamic, and Hybrid Channel Allocation as explained as following below.
 Fixed Channel Allocation
 Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA) systems allocate specific channels to specific cells. This allocation is static and can not be changed. For
efficient operation, FCA systems typically allocate channels in a manner that maximizes frequency reuse. Thus, in a FCA system, the distance
between cells using the same channel is the minimum reuse distance for that system. The problem with FCA systems is quite simple and
occurs whenever the offered traffic to a network of base stations is not uniform. Consider a case in which two adjacent cells are
allocated N channels each. 

 In cell A 20 Channels or Voice channels are allocated. If all channels are occupied and user make a
call then the call is blocked. Borrowing Channels handles this type of problem. In this cell borrow
channels from other cells.

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Continued…..

 Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA):

Dynamic Channel allocation is a strategy in which channels are not permanently allocated to the
cells. When a User makes a call request then Base Station (BS) send that request to the Mobile
Station Center (MSC) for the allocation of channels or voice channels. This way the likelihood of
blocking calls is reduced. As traffic increases more channels are assigned and vice-versa.
 First, DCA methods typically have a degree of randomness associated with them and this leads to the fact
that frequency reuse is often not maximized unlike the case for FCA systems in which cells using the same
channel are separated by the minimum reuse distance.
 Secondly, DCA methods often involve complex algorithms for deciding which available channel is most
efficient. These algorithms can be very computationally intensive and may require large computing
resources in order to be real-time.

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Hybrid Channel Allocation (HCA):

 Hybrid Channel Allocation is a combination of both Fixed
Channel Allocation (FCA) and Dynamic Channel Allocation
(DCA). The total number of channels or voice channels are
divided into fixed and dynamic set. When a user make a call
then first fixed set of channels are utilized but if all the fixed sets
are busy then dynamic sets are used. The main purpose of HCA
is to work efficiently under heavy traffic and to maintain a
minimum S/I.

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