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Conformation
Conformation
MOLECULES
Sigma Bonds & Bond Rotation
Two groups bonded by a single bond can undergo rotation about that bond with
respect to each other
Me
H H Sawhorse formula
Cl OH
Et
Look from this
direction
H Me H H
combine Me H
Cl Et OH Cl Et
front carbon back carbon OH
Newman Projection
Ch. 4 - 3
How to Do a Conformational Analysis
a
H
f2 = 180o H
b
H staggered
confirmation
H H of ethane
c
H
Ch. 4 - 4
60o 0o
CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3
180 o
CH3
anti gauche eclipsed
Ch. 4 - 5
Look from this
direction
f = 0o
HH
eclipsed
confirmation
H H of ethane
H H
Ch. 4 - 6
Ch. 4 - 7
Conformational Analysis of
Butane
H Me
Me H H H
H Me H H
H Me
Sawhorse formula New Projection
formula
Ch. 4 - 8
CH3
CH3 H CH3
H H
CH3 H
H H H H H H
CH3 CH3 H H
anti conformer eclipsed conformer gauche conformer
(I) (II) (III)
(lowest energy)
= CH3 on front carbon
rotates 60o clockwise
CH3 CH3
H CH3 H3C
H CH3
H H H H H H
H CH3 H H H
eclipsed conformer gauche conformer eclipsed conformer
(VI) (V) (IV)
(highest energy)
Ch. 4 - 9
Ch. 4 - 10
Stereochemistry: Conformational
analysis of cyclohexane (Chair)
Stereochemistry: Conformational
analysis of cyclohexane (Boat)
Conformations of Cyclohexane:
The Chair & the Boat
6 4 2 3
3D 5
2 6 5
1 3 1 4
(chair form) (boat form)
(more stable) (less stable)
H 4
H H H
H H H H
3 5
6 2
5 3 2
4
6
H 1
H HH HH
1
H H
Ch. 4 - 13
The boat conformer of cyclohexane is less stable (higher energy) than the chair
form due to
● Eclipsed conformation
● 1,4-flagpole interactions
1
H H 4
H H
H H
(eclipsed)
Ch. 4 - 14
(twist boat)
The twist boat conformation has a lower energy than the pure boat conformation,
but is not as stable as the chair conformation
Ch. 4 - 15
Energy diagram
Ch. 4 - 16
Stereochemistry: Conformational analysis of
cyclohexane (Ring Flip and stability)
Stereochemistry: Conformational analysis of
cyclohexane (Ring Flip and stability)
Substituted cyclohexane
● Two different chair forms
G
H
G
G H
(equatorial G) (axial G) G
(more stable) (less stable)
Ch. 4 - 19
The chair conformation with axial G is less stable due to 1,3-diaxial interaction
1,3-diaxial interaction
H G
3 H
1 H
The larger the G group, the more severe the 1,3-diaxial interaction and shifting the
equilibrium from the axial-G chair form to the equatorial-G chair form
Ch. 4 - 20
G
(equatorial) (axial) G
At 25oC
G % of Equatorial % of Axial
F 60 40
CH3 95 5
Pr
i
97 3
t
Bu > 99.99 < 0.01 Ch. 4 - 21
Substituted Cyclohexanes: Axial
& Equatorial Hydrogen Atoms
Equatorial hydrogen atoms in chair form
H
H H
H H
H
Axial hydrogen atoms in chair form
H H
H
H
H H
Ch. 4 - 22
Which ones are chiral?
Br Br
Br
Br Br
Br
1 2 3