Anglo Americanlitfinal 140525103251 Phpapp02

Anglo- American
Literature
Ignatius Joseph N Estroga MA-Eng
Liceo de Cagayan University, Philippines
•The name "England" is derived from
the Old English name ENGLALAND,
which means
“LAND OF THE ANGLES"
ignatius joseph n estroga

Old English(or Anglo-Saxon)
450-1066
•Few surviving texts with little
in common.
•Language closer to modern
German than modern English.
•Frequently reflect non-
English influence.
•Beowulf, “The Wanderer”
I. The Anglo – Saxon Period:
Britain before the Anglo-
Saxons
The Germanic Invasions
Anglo- Saxon Society
Anglo – Saxon Literature
England before • When the Romans arrived, they
the English found the land inhabited by
“Britons.”
• known as the Celts
• Stonehenge
• no written language
• absorbed into the Latin
speaking Roman society
Romans withdraw, leaving the Britons/Celts

behind
Invasions from the Northern Europe
Anglo-Saxon bring Germanic languages
• By 600, Anglo-Saxons
conquer the Britons
• language becomes
more Germanic
• still retains some Latin
• The Anglo-Saxons’
two urgings--war and
wandering become
part of the oral
tradition
• Beowulf is an example
of an Anglo-Saxon
Beowulf battles Grendel’s mother hero tale
• Literature: Beowulf , the
earliest literature, the national
epic of the Anglo-Saxon, one
of the striking features - the
use of alliteration
• Alliteration
• By 700, Christian
missionaries arrive to
convert the pagans
• Latin (the language of
the Church) returns
• King Alfred
• the Britons become
organized
• first true king of the
Britons
• period of prosperity
King Alfred brings an age of prosperity
Middle English (1066-1500)
•Works frequently of a
religiously didactic content.
•Written for performance at
court or for festivals.

Trivia
Who is the Father of
English Literature?

Geoffrey Chaucer
His family name derives from the French
chausseur, meaning "shoemaker".
• known as the Father of English literature
• is widely considered the greatest English
poet of the middle Ages
• was the first poet to have been buried in
Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey.

• Social background: the Norman
conquest under William, Duke of
Normandy, the battle of Hastings in
1066; the mark of establishment of
feudalism
• Literature: Langland; Chaucer
• Allegory
• Ballad
• Romance
The 3 Estates in the Middle Ages
• The idea of estates, or orders, was
encouraged during the Age, but
this ordering was breaking down.
• Clergy
• Latin chiefly spoken, those who
pray, purpose was to save
everyone’s soul
• Nobles
• French chiefly spoken, those who
fight, purpose was to protect—allow
for all to work in peace—and
provide justice
• Commoners
• English spoken, those who work,
purpose was to feed and clothe all

above them
feudalism • The economic system of much of
the Middle Ages (800-1100)
• Commoners (peasants) lived on a
feudal manor. The lord of the manor
gave his vassals (the peasants) land
to farm.
• In return, the vassals received
protection from roving bandits. Yet
they were taxed and had to surrender
a portion of their crops to the lord.
• it was better to be a lord than a vassal!
• Feudalism is important as it
created ties of obedience and
fostered a sense of loyalty between
A tenant (vassal) renews his oath of fealty
to his lord
the vassals and their lord.
• A product of feudalism,
Chivalry chivalry was an idealized
system of manners and morals
• Restricted to nobility
• The Medieval knight was bound
to the chivalric code to be loyal
to…
• God
• his lord
• his lady
• Chivalric ideals include...
• benevolence
• brotherly love
• politeness
ignatius joseph n estroga • Sir Gawain is an example
Characteristics of Medieval Literature
• Heroism
• from both Germanic and Christian traditions, sometimes mingled
• Presentations of idealized behavior
• literature as moral- loyalty to king -Chivalry
• Romance
• Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
• A narrative in prose or verse that tells of the adventures and heroic
exploits of chivalric heroes
• exploits of knights- often a supernatural element involved
• Christian message
• concern with salvation and the world to come
• no interest in social change
• until the late 14th century
• Chaucer signals new thinking, up-ending social order
The High Middle Ages
• These people wrote music, but they also wrote
poetry. Cretien de Troyes, Walter von der
Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschenbach, and
Marie de France are examples.
a. Arthur and his knights, the Song of Roland,
the Niebelungenlied,
b. and literary material based on the lives of
Alexander the Great and Charlemagne.
c. The movement was important in promoting
the idea of a code of chivalry.
The High Middle Ages
d. During the High Middle Ages, other works
became important, such as ancient Greek
philosophy, translated into Latin from Arabic.
This brought about a new interest in
philosophy, religion, and science.
e. Religion remained important. One example
was the works of Thomas Aquinas. Another
was Bonaventure's Life of Francis of Assisi.
The Late Middle Ages
• This had truly great products with
a. the Divine Comedy, by Dante, and
b. The Canterbury Tales, by Geoffrey
Chaucer.
Interest in Arthurian legends also continued,
and both Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
and Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur
were products of this time.
English Renaissance (1500-
1660)•
Influence of Aristotle, Ovid, and other
Greco-Roman thinkers, as well as science
and exploration.
•Primarily texts for public performance
(plays, masques) and some books of
poetry.
•William Shakespeare, Christopher
Marlowe, Ben Jonson, Francis Bacon,
John Fletcher, Francis Beaumont.
• Renaissance- marks the transition from the
medieval to the modern world;
• It means rebirth or revival of letters; a historical
period in which thinkers and scholars made
attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas,
to introduce new ideas that expressed the
interest of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover
the purity of the early church from the
corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.
• Two features are striking of this movement:
thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and
the keen interest in the activities of humanity.
• Humanism-key-note of the
Renaissance; emphasis on the
dignity of human beings and the
importance of the present life; belief
in the right to enjoy the beauty of
this life and the ability to perfect
himself and to perform wonders.
• Thomas Moore- Utopia
• Francis Bacon- Of Studies
an English philosopher, statesman,
Francis Bacon (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626),
scientist, jurist, orator, essayist,
and author. He served both as
Attorney General and Lord
Chancellor of England. After his
Francis Bacon
death, he remained extremely
influential through his works,
especially as philosophical
advocate and practitioner of the
scientific method during the
scientific revolution.
Trivia
What are the three important uses of studies
according to Francis Bacon?
• A. for happiness, for truth, and for knowledge
• B. for delight, for ornament, and for ability
• C. for judgment, for disposition, and for
wisdom
• D. for personal, social, and transcendental
inclinations

• Drama---the highest
glory of the English
Renaissance with
Christopher Marlowe,
Shakespeare and Ben
Jonson
Christopher Marlowe-
• --the most gifted of the

“university wits”,
Doctor Faustus, blank
verse first used in his
drama.

*Shakespeare---his life, his works,
his status
*His life---born in 1564 in Stratford-
on Avon, died in 1616
*His works---38 plays, 154 sonnets

TRIVIA
What phrase appears on William
Shakespeare’s gravestone?
A. “May the great author rest in peace”
B. “He wrote so much that man will take
years to understand everything.”
C. “He arrived on this earth with nothing.
When he died, he left everything to us.”
D. “…curst be he that moves my bones.”
Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear
To dig the dust enclosed here.
Blessed be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones.
V. The Restoration Period:
(17th Century)

• Social background: the clash between the
King and Parliament; the Civil War
between 1642-1649; Charles I was
executed in 1649; the declining of
Cromwell’s Commonwealth and the
compromise with the feudal remnants.

John Milton-
• --a revolutionary poet, political both in his life and his art;
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes

• John Bunyan---The Pilgrim’s
Progress, a religious allegory, the
spiritual pilgrimage of Christian
• John Dryden---the most distinguished
literary figure of the Restoration
period; use of heroic couplet in his
writing
• *heroic couplet---two successive lines
of verse, equal in length and with
rhyme.
• Metaphysical school of poetry------break away
from the convention; simple diction, common
speech words and cadences, actual life imagery,
argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or
with himself; John Donne and Andrew Marvell.
• *John Donne---leading figure of the
Metaphysical school of poetry,
• *Marvel---“To his Coy Mistress”

Neoclassical Period
(Enlightenment/Age of
Reason)
England 1660-1785 America 1750-1800
•Reaction to the expansiveness of the
Renaissance in the direction of order
and restraint.
•Developed in France (Moliere,
Rousseau, Voltaire).
Neoclassical Period
(Enlightenment/Age of Reason)
•Emphasized classical ideals of
rationality and control (human nature is
constant through time).
•Art should reflect the universal
commonality of human nature. (“All
men are created equal.”)
•Reason is emphasized as the highest
faculty (Deism).
Neoclassical Period
•Writing should be well structured,
emotion should be controlled, and
emphasize qualities like wit.
•England: John Locke,, Alexander
Pope (Essay on Man), Jonathon
Swift (Gulliver’s Travels), Henry
Fielding (Tom Jones), Daniel
Defoe (Robinson Crusoe), Jane
Austen (Sense and Sensibility,
Emma, Pride and Prejudice).
DANIEL DEFOE: 1660-1731
was born in London, England. His

real name was Daniel Foe, later
changed his name to Daniel Defoe,
wanting to sound more gentlemanly.
He went into business, having given
up an earlier intent on becoming a
dissenting minister. He traveled often,
selling such goods as wine and wool,
but was rarely out of debt. He went
bankrupt.
He wrote his world famous novel “The

Life and Strange Surprising
Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”.

•America: Benjamin Franklin (Poor
Richard’s Almanac, autobiography),
Thomas Paine (“Common Sense”),
Thomas Jefferson (“The Declaration of
Independence”), James Madison (“The
Constitution of the United States”).

Romantic Period
England 1785-1830America 1800-1860
•Reaction against the scientific
rationality of Neoclassicism and the
Industrial Revolution.
•Developed in Germany (Kant, Goethe).
•Emphasized individuality, intuition,
imagination, idealism, nature (as
opposed to society & social order).
• *Romanticism---It designates a literary and
philosophical theory which tends to see the
individual as the very center of all life and all
experience.
• It also places the individual at the center of art,
making literature most valuable as an
expression of his or her unique feelings and
particular attitudes;
• Nature is not only the major source of poetic
imagery, but also provides the dominant
subject matter; Romantics also tend to be
nationalistic.
Trivia
• Who is the Father of

Romanticism?

William Wordsworth

Romantic Period
•Elevation of the common man (folklore, myth).
•Mystery and the supernatural.
•England: Robert Burns (“To a Mouse”), William
Blake (Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience),
William Wordsworth (Lyrical Ballads, “Tintern
Abbey,” “Intimations of Immortality,” “I Wandered
Lonely as a Cloud”), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (“The
Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” “Kubla Kahn”), Lord
Byron (“Don Juan”), Percy Bysshe Shelley
(“Ozymandias”), Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
(Frankenstein), John Keats (“Ode on a Grecian Urn”),
Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe).

Romantic Period
America:
• Washington Irving (“Rip Van Winkle,” “The Legend of
Sleepy Hollow”),
• Edgar Allan Poe (“The Raven,” Tales of the Grotesque
and Arabesque, “The Murders in the Rue Morgue,”
“The Philosophy of Composition”),
• James Fennimore Cooper (The Last of the Mohicans),
• Herman Melville (Moby-Dick, Billy Budd),
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (Twice-Told Tales, The Scarlet
Letter),
• William Cullen Bryant (“To a Waterfowl”),
• Oliver Wendell Holmes (“The Chambered Nautilus”),
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (“Paul Revere’s Ride”),
• James Russell Lowell (“The First Snowfall”).
Trivia
Who is the Father of

Short Stories?

• American writer, known as a poet and critic but most famous as
the first master of the short-story form, especially tales of the
mystery.
• The literary merits of Poe's writings have been debated since his
death, but his works have remained popular and many major
American and European writers have professed their artistic debt
to him.
• Elignatius
Dorado video
joseph n estroga
WASHINGTON IRVING:1783-1859
was born to a wealthy New York family and
received an excellent education. He was the
first American writer to gain international
attention. He began his writing career by
creating satires about New York society. He
later wrote about the Dutch influences upon
the city in its early days. He attempted to
give America a sense of a romantic past like
that found in Europe.
His most popular work by far was “The

Sketch Book”, which contains two of his
most beloved stories: “The legend of Sleepy
Hollow: and “ Rip van Winkle”.

HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW: 1807-1882
was one of the most widely read

American poets of the 19th century.
From 1835 to 1854 he was Smith
Professor of Modern Languages at
Harvard. In 1884, 2 years after his
death, he became the first American
to be honoured with a bust in the
Poets’ Corner of Westminster Abbey,
London.
He is best remembered for poems

such as “The Song of Hiawatha” and
“Paul Revere’s Ride”.

American Transcendentalism (Romantic
philosophy)
Named for the core belief that our spiritual
nature transcends rationality and religious
doctrine; thus, it is found in intuition.
Developed in New England, influenced by
Eastern philosophy.
Pro-suffrage & abolitionist.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (Nature, “The
American Scholar”),
• Henry David Thoreau (Walden, “Civil
Disobedience”),
• Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass).
Romantic Period video

Victorian Period (England
1832-1901)
•Named for the reign of Queen Victoria,
Britain’s longest reigning monarch.
•Period of stability and prosperity for
Britain.
•British society extremely class conscious.
•Literature seen as a bridge between
Romanticism and Modernism.
•Generally emphasized realistic portrayals of
common people, sometimes to promote
social change.
Victorian Period
• Charles Dickens (David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Great
Expectations),
• George Eliot (Middlemarch),
• Thomas Hardy (Tess of the D’Ubervilles),
• Robert Louis Stevenson (The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll
and Mr. Hyde),
• Rudyard Kipling (Jungle Book),
• Lewis Carroll (Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland),
• Charlotte Brontë (Jane Eyre), Emily Brontë (Wuthering
Heights),
• Alfred, Lord Tennyson (In Memoriam),
• Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Sonnets from the
Portuguese),
• Robert Browning (“My Last Duchess”), Matthew Arnold
(“Dover Beach”), Oscar Wilde (The Importance of Being
Earnest).
CHARLES DICKENS: 1812-1870
was a novelist who provided Victorian England
with one of its greatest champions of reform.
Dickens used his novels to identify and address

many problems of the nineteenth century, such
as child abuse, unfair labour practices, injustices
in the legal system, and weaknesses in
education.
Dickens had experienced many of these

problems in his own childhood, and so on. He
dedicated his life to brining about social reform.
Some of his most popular novels include: “David

Copperfield”, “Oliver Twist”, “A Tale of two
Cities”, Christmas Carol and “Great
Expectations”.
Trivia
In Dicken’s A Christmas Carol,

who were the visitors of Scrooge?

1. Ghost of Christmas Past
2. Ghost of Christmas Present
3. Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come

RUDYARD KIPLING: 1865-1936
was born in Bombay, India, but attended school
in England. He was an English novelist, shot-
story writer and poet. After completing his
education, he returned to India where he worked
as a newspaper reporter for several years.
Many of Kipling’s stories and novels reflect his

experiences in India and convey the importance
of duty and unselfishness.
He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.
Kipling is most widely known for his works for

children, especially the “Jungle Book”.

Alfred Tennyson (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892)
• was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and

Ireland during much of Queen
Victoria's reign and remains one of the
most popular British poets.
• Tennyson excelled at penning short
lyrics, such as "Break, Break, Break",
"The Charge of the Light Brigade",
"Tears, Idle Tears" and "Crossing the
Bar".
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (6 March 1806 – 29 June
1861)
• was one of the most prominent English poets of the
Victorian Era. Her poetry was widely popular in
both Britain and the United States during her
lifetime
• At 15 Browning became ill, suffering from intense
head and spinal pain for the rest of her life,
rendering her frail.
• During this time she contracted a disease, possibly
tuberculosis, which weakened her further.
• They had one son, Robert Barrett Browning, whom
they called Pen. Towards the end of her life, her
lung ignatius
function worsened, and she died in Florence in
joseph n estroga
1861
Realistic Period America 1860-
1914
•Reaction against Romantic values (Civil War).
•Developed in France (Balzac, Flaubert, Zola).
•Emphasized the commonplace and ordinary (as
opposed to the romanticized individual).
•Sought to depict life as it was, not idealized.
•Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn),
•Ambrose Bierce (“An Occurrence at Owl
Creek Bridge”),
•William Dean Howells (A Modern Instance),
•Theodore Dreiser (Sister Carrie).

MARK TWAIN: 1835-1910
was born in a small village of Florida. His
real name was Samuel Clemens, but he took
his penname from a term used by the men
who operated the river boats. They would
call, “By the mark, twain!” This meant that
the river was two (twain) feet deep.
Samuel Clemens left his hometown of

Hannibal, Missouri at the age of eighteen.
He began his carrier as a newspaper writer.
Later in life he used memories from his
childhood to create some of his most popular
novels, including “The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer” and “The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn”.
Mark Twain used humor to develop many

serious themes in his novels and to help
society see itself more clearly.
was a well-known American short –story
O’HENRY: 1862-1910 writer. He had to jam his living from age of
fifteen and he educated himself with the help
of friends.
O’Henry knew people very well., especially

the ordinary people of New York. In his
stories you can feel satirical criticism of the
American way of life. Most of his short stories
are full of warm sympathy for ordinary
American people. O’Henry was the penname
used by author William Sydney Porter.
O’Henry wrote many popular stories and

earned a reputation as the master of surprise
endings. He was especially talented at
developing his characters, and at portraying
city life accurately. He wrote over 600 stories,
the most famous of them “The Ransom of
Red Chief”, “The Gift of the Magi” and “The
ignatius joseph n estroga Furnished Room”.
Realistic Period
•Naturalism – hyper-realism
•Named for the belief that man is simply
a higher order animal, and thus under the
same natural constraints and limitations
as other animals.
•Controlled by heredity and environment.
•Stephen Crane (Maggie: A Girl of the
Street, The Red Badge of Courage), Jack
London (“To Build a Fire”), Upton
Sinclair (The Jungle).
Edwardian Period (England
1901-1914)
•Joseph Conrad (Lord Jim, Heart of Darkness), H.G.
Wells (War of the Worlds), E.M. Forster (A Room with
a View, A Passage to India), George Bernard Shaw
(Major Barbara), A.C. Bradley (Shakespearean
Tragedy).

Modern Period (1914-1945)
•Reaction against the values which led to WWI.
•Influenced by Schopenhauer (“negation of the will”),
Nietzsche (Beyond Good and Evil), Kierkegaard (Fear
and Trembling), as well as Darwin and Marx.
•If previous values are invalid, art is a tool to establish
new values (Pound: “Make it new”).
•Writers experiment with form.
•Form and content reflect the confusion and
vicissitudes of modern life.
•Expositions and resolutions are omitted; themes are
implied rather than stated.
Poetry:
Ezra Pound (The Fourth Canto),
T.S. Eliot (Prufrock and other Observations,
The Waste Land, “The Hollow Men”),
W.B. Yeats (The Wanderings of Oisin and
Other Poems, The Swans at Coole),
H.D. (“Pear Tree”),
Wallace Stevens (Harmonium),
William Carlos Williams (“The Red
Wheelbarrow,” “This Is Just to Say”),
Robert Frost (Mending Wall, The Road Not
Taken).
To whom did Frost dedicate his poem
The Road Not Taken?

Edward Thomas

Fiction:
James Joyce (Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a
Young Man), Franz Kafka (The Metamorphosis, The
Trial, The Castle), Ernest Hemingway (In Our Time,
The Sun Also Rises), William Faulkner (As I Lay
Dying, The Sound and the Fury), F. Scott Fitzgerald
(The Great Gatsby), John Steinbeck (The Grapes of
Wrath), Thornton Wilder (Our Town, The Bridge at
San Luis Rey), D.H. Lawrence (The Rainbow),
Virginia Woolf (Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse).
Post-Modern Period (1945-?)
•Critical dispute over whether an actual period
or a renewal and continuation Modernism post-
WWII.
•Influenced by Freud, Sartre, Camus, Derrida,
and Foucault.
•Deconstruction: Text has no inherent meaning;
meaning derives from the tension between the
text’s ambiguities and contradictions revealed
upon close reading.
•Some believe it leads directly to the counter-
cultural revolution of the 1960s.

Post-Modern Period (1945-?)
Samuel Beckett (Waiting for Godot),
Gabriel Garcia Marques (One Hundred Years of Solitude),
William Burroughs (Naked Lunch),
J.D. Salinger (A Catcher in the Rye),
Kurt Vonnegut (Slaughterhouse Five),
Thomas Pynchon (Gravity’s Rainbow),
John Updike (Rabbit Run),
Phillip Roth (Portnoy’s Complaint, American Pastoral),
J.M. Coetzee (Life & Times of Michael K),
Joyce Carol Oates (“Where Are You Going, Where Have You
Been?”),
Margaret Atwood (The Handmaiden’s Tale),
Cormac McCarthy (Blood Meridian), Allen Ginsberg (Howl
and Other Poems), Charles Bukowski (The Last Night of the
Earth Poems).
FAMOUS
LANDMARKS IN
ENGLAND

White Cliffs of Dover

BUCKINGHAM PALACE

ST. PAUL CATHEDRAL

Kings College, Cambridge

BEN CLOCK

COAST OF CORNWALL

NATIONAL GALLERY OF
LONDON

BRITISH MUSEUM

CANTERBURY
CATHEDRAL

IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM

LAKE DISTRICT

STONE HENGE
YORK MINISTER

HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT

SALISBURY CATHEDRAL
WINDSOR CASTLE

STRATFORD UPON AVON

TATE MODERN

WESTMINSTER ABBEY

TOWER BRIDGE

LONDON
EYE

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Anglo- American

ignatius joseph n estroga

Romans withdraw, leaving the Britons/Celts

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

purpose was to feed and clothe all

ignatius joseph n estroga

• --the most gifted of the

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

was born in London, England. His

He wrote his world famous novel “The

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

• Who is the Father of

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

Sir Walter Scott (Ivanhoe).

Who is the Father of

ignatius joseph n estroga

His most popular work by far was “The

ignatius joseph n estroga

was one of the most widely read

He is best remembered for poems

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

Dickens used his novels to identify and address

Dickens had experienced many of these

Some of his most popular novels include: “David

In Dicken’s A Christmas Carol,

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

Many of Kipling’s stories and novels reflect his

He was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature.

Kipling is most widely known for his works for

ignatius joseph n estroga

• was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and

•Theodore Dreiser (Sister Carrie).

Samuel Clemens left his hometown of

Mark Twain used humor to develop many

O’Henry knew people very well., especially

O’Henry wrote many popular stories and

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

cultural revolution of the 1960s.

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ST. PAUL CATHEDRAL

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga

ignatius joseph n estroga