MPA 502 Development Management

1. Concept, and nature of Development

Dimensions of development,
Development and growth
Endogenous vs exogenous development
Concept of development administration and Development management
2. Approaches
Bureaucratic model
Comparative Public Administration(CPA)
Prismatic-sala-model
Decentralization: transfer of planning, resource management, and
power and authority
People's participation
Public Private Partnership model
3.Institution-building
• Concept of organization and institution, Institution building model
• Role of different actors like central/local government, donor agencies,
political parties, private sector and civil societies for institution building
• Nation and nation building, state building and Social change
4.Development plan and implementation
• Concept of development planning (Macro, meso & micro-planning) and
resource base and resource mobilization
• Inter-relations between planning and project
5.Essentials of development management
• Training management
• Administrative reform
• Human resource development
• Human development
 References
• Bhatta, BD(1998) Development Management, Kathmandu: Abhasdev Bhatta.
• Chatterjee, S.K.(1996) Development Administration, Delhi: Surjeet Publication.
• Faisal S.A,, Al salem(1977) The ecological dimensions of development
administration, New Delhi: Associated Publishing house.
• Heady, F.( 1996) Public Administration: A comparative Perspective, Englewood
Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
• Hope, KR(19984) The dynamics of development and development
administration, Westprt: Greenwood Press.
• Paudel, NR)2014) Development management, Kathmandu: Srijana Pahari.
• Poudyal, M.P.(1991) Public administration and nation building in Nepal, New
Delhi: National Book Organization.
• Sapru, RK(2003) Development administration, New Delhi: Sterling Publisher
Pvt. Ltd.
•Turner, Mark & Humle, David (1997) Governance, Administration, Development:
Making the state work,. England: Macmillan Press
 What is Development?

• The concept of development is not a new

phenomenon. It is as old as civilization and can be
traced both in the western and eastern philosophy. It
is a most talked topic both by the practitioner and
academics. However there has been no consensus on
what actually is development. The term development
is significant both to the developed and developing
nation, but it is more articulated in the context of the
developing world where there is abject poverty,
unemployment, inadequate social services or the
deprivation of what is required for a human to live as
a human.
 Contd.
• The term basically refers to the gradual change from the existing
situation towards a better one. Sociologists define development as
social change and economists define the concepts from the
economic perspective specifically in relation to economic growth.
The term generally has positive connotation (political development,
education development, mental development, linguistic, industrial,
agricultural development) however it can also be used with
negative connotation (crime, disease, bad habits etc).
• There has been a sea change in the meaning of development as it is
dynamic concept. Since the beginning of civilization it has been
taking different shapes and dimensions. The nature of development
as seen in the early 1980s differs considerably from that seen early
in the 1950s or from that in the 19th century (Sapru, p.3).
Two approaches of understanding development
A.Economic theories; sees development as a simple economic process,
focuses economic growth a the basis for accelerating economic growth,
more focus on technical improvements, more productivity and technical
transfers from developed to developing ones.
• Five Stages of Development (Rostow)
• Low level Equilibrium trap (Leibensein)
• Multi sectoral growth (Rosenstein Rodan)
• Import Substitution (Myrdal)
• Theories of Dualism (Lewis) and
• Marxism and Neo Marxism (Hyle, 2004)
B. Non economic theories
• Sociological (Naturalism, Rationalism, structural functionalism, Prismatic
Model) and alternatives (Feminist theory, Ecological thinking, Sustainable
Development, Self reliance (Hyle)
• Note : These theories have both the strength as well as limitations
 Defining the concept
•“Development is a process of growth in the direction of modernity and
particularly in the direction of nation building and socio-economic
progress” (E W Weidner , 1970, p.8).
•“Development refers to the realization of the potential of human
personality”- and Poverty, unemployment, inequality as the basis of
development - Dudley Seers
•“Development is a process of increasing autonomy of social system made
possible by rising level of diffractions” (Riggs, 1961). Furthermore, he has
defined as the ability to choose among alternatives as discretion and the
integration and differentiation of social system as diffraction.
Furthermore the goals of development are multiple. It is not only
concerned with raising levels of economic production and consumption,
but with freedom, justice, security and the basic integrity of man as a
human being. In this sense the study of development is unavoidably value
-oriented. But it does not assign priorities among these values.
 Contd.
• Development is the improvement of the quality
of life, not only higher incomes, but it involves
better education, higher standards of health and
nutrition, less poverty, a cleaner environment,
more equality of opportunity, greater individual
freedom and a richer cultural life –World Bank
Development Report, 1991,p.4).
• “Life sustenance, self esteem and freedom of
choices are the three core values of
development for individuals and societies—D.
Goulet
 Contd.
• Development is the process of expanding legal
rights or entitlements and capabilities for
healthy living of mankind- Amartya Sen
• In sum, development is an enduring process
which makes the overall development of
humans to live as humans. It encompasses both
economic fulfillment and non economic factors
of satisfaction or happiness.
 Dimensions/Aspects of
Development -3 Lecture
rd

• It is an overall process with significant social,

cultural, political and human as well as
economic dimensions- Norman D. Palmer.
• Development does not only explain the
economic development, but also political and
social cultural and administrative
development.
 Political Aspect
• Explains the capacity of a political system to deal with its
own fundamental problems more effectively while
responding to the changing political demands of the
people
• It is a matter of performance capabilities- the acquisition
of new capabilities to deal with new problems-Gabriel A.
Almond 1963.
• Political development revolves around the relationship
between the political culture, the authoritative structure
and the general political process- Lucian W. Pye
What is Political Development? Lucin Pye (3/29/2015)

• Political prerequisite of economic development

• Politics typical of industrial societies
• Political modernization
• Operation of nation state
• Administrative and legal development
• Mass mobilization and participation
• Building of democracy
• Stability and orderly change
• Mobilization and power
• An aspect of multidimensional process of change
 Political Aspects
• National integration- spatial integration
• Political participation- involvement of people
in decision making
• Legitimacy-legally acceptable
• The Management of conflict- manage the
conflict that arises from various groups
Determinants of Political Aspect- Lucian Pye

• Equality: People’s participation in political

process, no legal discrimination, Public posts
should be open to all
• Capacity : To manage pubic affairs, control
controversy, and cope with popular demands,
make policy and implement effectively
• Differentiation and specification: Greater
structural differentiation, greater functional
specificity and greater integration of all the
participating institutions and organization.
 Economic Development
• Encompasses raising national income, reducing poverty,
more equitable distribution of wealth and income
• The World development report (1991) sees economic
development as a sustainable increase in living
standards that involve material consumption, education,
health and environment protection.
• Process, real national income and long period-Gerald M.
Meier, 1975
• Economic Development is a means , not an end in itself..
 Indicators of Development
• Life expectancy Index
• Educational attainment Index
• Level of life or life
Preconditions Economic development
• A stable political system
• A stable Administrative system
• A well grounded Cultural system
• A system of Planning
• People’s Participation
ViciousCircle:
A situation in which the apparent solution of one problem in a ch
ain of circumstances creates a new problem and increases the
difficulty of solving the original problem
Vicious circle of poverty
 Social Development -4/2/2015
• Refers quality of life and quality of social relation
• Bringing about improvement about the social
being of the people
• Focuses on provisions of health services,
education, housing, cultural amenities,
protection of children, a change in the status of
women, regulation of labor, and improved status
of workers and reduction of disease, poverty
and social ills.
 Three dimensions of Social development-
Parson Levy
• Cognition: Refers to the way the individual interprets the
surrounding physical world which tends to vary from the
irrational to the rational while society develops ( it may be
from superstition to reason)
• Membership: Brings change from particular ( roles are
chosen on the basis of individuals family, religion, caste
and income) to universal (Choice is made on the basis of
capacity).
• Substantive: Ranges from Diffuse (Limits of the obligation
of people is vague) to specific ( articulated in contractual
form)
 contd.
National development of a country largely depends on
• Social structure
• Level of education
• Social service
• Number of family
• Caste
• Ethnicity
• Attitude of people
• Cultural background
• Institutional pattern of society
 Indicators of Development
• Urbanization
• Equal opportunity
• People’s participation

Objectives of social development

• Expansion of basic needs of people
• Welfare of disadvantaged/unorganized groups
• Supplementary welfare service
• Social reform
• Social security
• Reduction of income inequality
Constraints of Social Development
• Caste system
• Deep rooted values
• Attitude of people
• Illiteracy
• Elitism
• Gap between the rich and poor
• Discrimination on the basis of gender, race etc.