Computer Networks

Dr. Hamayun khan (PhD)

Superior University, Lahore
hamayun.khan@superior.edu.pk
Outline
2
 What is a Network?
 Network Reference Models
 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
 The Upper Layers
 The Lower Layers
 OSI Model Example

 Department of Defense (DoD) Model

 Conclusion
 References
 What is a Network?
3

 Α NETWORK is simply defined as something that connects things together for a

specific purpose.
 The term network is used in a variety of contexts, including telephone, television,
computer, or even people networks.
 A COMPUTER NETWORK connects two or more devices together to share
information and services, including
 Websites
 Email and messaging
 Network Reference Models
4
 Internetwork
 Internetworking present challenges
 interoperating between products from different manufacturers requires consistent
standards

 The two most recognized network reference models are:

 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
 The Department of Defense (DoD) model
5

Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI) Model
 6 OSI Model
 International Standards Organization (ISO)
 Formalized in 1984
7
OSI Model…

Easy to REMEMBER!
8 Upper Layers
 Also known as User Support Layers
 Manage application-level functions
 Implemented in Software
 9 Application Layer
 Provides the interface between the user application and the network
 Examples of Application layer protocols
 FTP, via an FTP client
 HTTP, via a web browser
 POP3 and SMTP, via an email client
 Telnet
 Provides a variety of functions:
 Identifies communication partners
 Determines resource availability
 Synchronizes communication
 10 Presentation Layer
 Controls the formatting and syntax of user data for the application layer
 Examples of Presentation layer formats
 Text - RTF, ASCII, EBCDIC
 Images - GIF, JPG, TIF
 Audio - MIDI, MP3, WAV
 Movies - MPEG, AVI, MOV
 Provides a variety of functions:
 Encryption, Decryption
 Compression, Decompression
 11 Session Layer
 Responsible for establishing, maintaining, and ultimately terminating
sessions between devices
 Sessions communication falls under one of three categories:
 Full-Duplex – simultaneous two-way communication
 Half-Duplex – two-way communication, but not simultaneous
 Simplex – one-way communication
 12 Lower Layers
 Control end-to-end transport of data between devices
 Implemented in Software & Hardware

 Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer3 are also known as Network Support

Layers
 13
Transport Layer
 Responsible for the reliable transfer of data
 Transport layer communication falls under two categories:
 Connection-oriented – requires that a connection with specific agreed-upon
parameters be established before data is sent.
 Connectionless – requires no connection before data is sent.
 Transport layer protocols:
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 Network Layer
14

 Controls internetwork communication, and has two key

responsibilities:
 Logical addressing – provides a unique address that identifies
both the host, and the network that host exists on.
 Routing – determines the best path to a particular destination
network, and then routes data accordingly.
 The most common Network layer protocol:
 Internet Protocol (IP)
15 Data-Link Layer

 Responsible for transporting data within a network

 The Data-Link layer consists of two sublayers:
 Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
 Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer
 Datalink layer technologies:
 Ethernet uses CSMA/CD
 Token Ring uses Token
 Functions:
 Framing or Encapsulation
 MAC or CAM or Physical or Hardware Address
16 Physical Layer

 Controls the signaling and transferring of raw bits onto the

physical medium
 The Physical layer provides specifications for a variety of
hardware
 Cabling
 Connectors and transceivers
 Network interface cards (NICs)
17

OSI Model Example

 18 Web Browser Example
 The web browser serves as the user interface for accessing a website. The web
browser invokes the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (Application Layer) to
interface with the remote web server, which is why http:// precedes every web
address.

 The Internet can provide data in a wide variety of formats, a function of the
Presentation layer. Common formats on the Internet include HTML, XML, PHP,
GIF, and JPEG.

 The Session layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating the
session between devices, and determining whether the communication is half-
duplex or full-duplex.
 Web Browser Example…
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 HTTP utilizes the TCP Transport layer protocol to ensure the reliable delivery of
data.

 The best path to route the data between the client and the web server is
determined by IP, a Network layer protocol.

 Data cannot be sent directly to a logical address. As packets travel from network to
network, IP addresses are translated to hardware addresses, which are a function
of the Data-Link layer.

 The data is finally transferred onto the network medium at the Physical layer, in
the form of raw bits.
20

Department of Defense (DoD)

Model
21 DoD Model

 Also known as TCP/IP Model

 Consists of Four Layers
22 DoD Model

 The following chart illustrates where common protocols fit

into the DoD model:
23 Conclusion

 the OSI
Despite the practicality of the DoD model,
model is still the basis for most
network terminology.

So,

Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza

Away. ☺
 References…
24
[1] “Data Communications and Networking” 4th
Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan
[2] CCNA Study Guide v2.71 – Aaron Balchunas
25

Any Question