ICT PROTECTION

INTERNAL GUDE AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MR K.RAYUDU (M.TECH,PH.D) BY K.VAMSHI(08211A0260) E.GANESH KUMAR(08211A0214)

PROTECTION SCHEMES:
1.OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION:
An overvoltage is a voltage whose value is abnormally high inrelation to the network operating voltage. It may be caused by either: atmospheric conditions, in which case it is external to the network switching operations or resonance phenomena, in which case the cause is said to be internal or the untimely opening of the circuit-breaker during transformer magnetisation. The lightning arrester is a static device designed to limit the amplitude of overvoltage, which may be generated at a given point on the network.

2.OVER CURRENT PROTECTION:

In case of over current, Transformer disconnection is achieved through circuit breakers, and over current relays can be added to the protection schemes to provide over current protection. This additional protection serves as a general backup protection in case of a failure of the main protection system. the view of transformer with over current relay and earth fault protection is as below:

3.DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:
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Differential protection provides faster detection of faults that usually reduces damage due to flow of current. The location of the fault is determined more precisely depending on the size of the protection zone. Knowing the fault location lends itself to the application of automation techniques, such as rapid isolation of faulted components and restoring load instead of simply blowing a fuse.

The typical diagram of differential protection is :

4.OVERFLUX RELAY:
Transformer over fluxing can be a result of Overvoltage Low system frequency A transformer is designed to operate at or below a maximum magnetic flux density in the transformer core. Above this design limit the eddy currents in the core and nearby conductive components cause overheating which within a very short time may cause severe damage

During startup or shutdown of generator-connected transformers, or following a load rejection, the transformer may experience an excessive ratio of volts to hertz, that is, become overexcited. When a transformer core is overexcited, the core is operating in a non-linear magnetic region, and creates harmonic components in the exciting current.

5.THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION(THOL):

Transformers may overheat due to : a)High ambient temperatures b)Failure of cooling system c)External fault not cleared promptly d)Overload e)Abnormal system conditions such as low frequency, high voltage, non sinusoidal load current or phase-voltage unbalance WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR : Power transformers are usually provided with a winding temperature indicator. This device comprises a temperature-sensing bulb inserted in a well in the top layer of the insulating oil. The winding temperature indicator will be as:

6. BUCHHOLZ RELAY:
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A combination gas-accumulator and pressure relay, called the Buchholz relay This relay is applicable only to conservator-type transformer in which the transformer tank is completely filled with oil, and a pipe connects the transformer tank to an auxiliary tank, or conservator, which acts as an expansion chamber.

The location of the buchholz relay is as:

7. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE:

When high current passes through a shorted turn, a great deal of heat is generated. This heat, along with the accompanying arcing, breaks down the oil into combustible gases. Gas generation increases pressure within the tank. A sudden increase in gas pressure can be detected by a sudden pressure relay either located in the gas space or under the oil.

The view of PRV is as

8.OIL SURGE RELAY:

The protective relay serves for signaling a fault in the diverter switch / selector switch oil compartment and is to limit the damage to the on-load tap changer in case of a failure.It is, therefore, used for all OLTC transformers. The view of oil surge relay is shown below

THANK U